{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T14:53:33Z","timestamp":1790607213264,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,28]],"date-time":"2022-07-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1658966400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Toxoplasma gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) infection can cause intestinal inflammation in rodents and significantly alters the structure of gut microbiota. However, the effects of different\n                    <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                    genotypes on the gut microbiota of rats remain unclear. In this study, acute and chronic\n                    <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection in Fischer 344 rats was induced artificially by intraperitoneal injection of tachyzoites PYS (Chinese 1 ToxoDB#9) and PRU (Type II). Fecal 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing was employed to analyze the gut microbiota structure at different stages of infection, and to compare the effects of infection by two\n                    <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                    genotypes. Our results suggested that the infection led to structural changes of gut microbiota in rats. At the acute infection stage, the microbiota diversity increased, while both diversity and abundance of beneficial bacteria decreased at the chronic infection stage. The differences of microbiota structure were caused by strains of different genotypes. However, the diversity changes were consistent. This study demonstrates that the gut microbiota plays an important role in\n                    <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection in rats. The data will improve our understanding of the association between\n                    <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection and gut microbiota in rodents.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.969832","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,28]],"date-time":"2022-07-28T06:14:18Z","timestamp":1658988858000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Changes of gut microbiota structure in rats infected with Toxoplasma gondii"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Qing-Bo","family":"Lv","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"He","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiaqi","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi-Feng","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hong-Yu","family":"Qiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hong-Bo","family":"Ni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li-Hua","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongwei","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"W537","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gky379","article-title":"The galaxy platform for accessible, reproducible and collaborative biomedical analyses: 2018 update","volume":"46","author":"Afgan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2020.10.019","article-title":"Foodborne transmission of toxoplasma gondii infection in the last decade","volume":"135","author":"Almeria","year":"2021","journal-title":"overview. Res. vet Sci."},{"key":"B3","first-page":"47","article-title":"Susceptibility to toxoplasmosis: correlation between macrophage function, brain cyst formation and mortality in rats","volume":"19","author":"Benedetto","year":"1996","journal-title":"New microbiol"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1443-5;","article-title":"Potential roles of gut microbiome and metabolites in modulating ALS in mice","volume":"572","author":"Blacher","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-019-0209-9","article-title":"Reproducible, interactive, scalable and extensible microbiome data science using QIIME 2","volume":"37","author":"Bolyen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2018.01.001","article-title":"Loss of paneth cell autophagy causes acute susceptibility to toxoplasma gondii-mediated inflammation","volume":"23","author":"Burger","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.3869","article-title":"DADA2: High-resolution sample inference from illumina amplicon data","volume":"13","author":"Callahan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-022-00631-9","article-title":"Akkermansia muciniphila: paradigm for next-generation beneficial microorganisms","author":"Cani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9030234","article-title":"The bradyzoite: A key developmental stage for the persistence and pathogenesis of toxoplasmosis","volume":"9","author":"Cerutti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pathog. (Basel Switzerland)"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.01423","article-title":"CRTAM protects against intestinal dysbiosis during pathogenic parasitic infection by enabling Th17 maturation","volume":"10","author":"Cervantes-Barragan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"i884","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bty560","article-title":"Fastp: an ultra-fast all-in-one FASTQ preprocessor","volume":"34","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bioinf. (Oxford England)"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1038\/s41385-018-0005-8","article-title":"Interleukin-22-deficiency and microbiota contribute to the exacerbation of toxoplasma gondii-induced intestinal inflammation","volume":"11","author":"Couturier-Maillard","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01655-5","article-title":"Intestinal akkermansia muciniphila predicts clinical response to PD-1 blockade in patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer","volume":"28","author":"Derosa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2020.109145","article-title":"All about toxoplasmosis in cats: the last decade","volume":"283","author":"Dubey","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0156255","article-title":"Experimental toxoplasmosis in rats induced orally with eleven strains of toxoplasma gondii of seven genotypes: Tissue tropism, tissue cyst size, neural lesions, tissue cyst rupture without reactivation, and ocular lesions","volume":"11","author":"Dubey","year":"2016","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(97)00227-6","article-title":"Toxoplasmosis of rats: a review, with considerations of their value as an animal model and their possible role in epidemiology","volume":"77","author":"Dubey","year":"1998","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.11.2.267","article-title":"Structures of toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites, bradyzoites, and sporozoites and biology and development of tissue cysts","volume":"11","author":"Dubey","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1645\/20-121","article-title":"Epidemiological significance of toxoplasma gondii infections in wild rodents: 2009-2020","volume":"107","author":"Dubey","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Parasitol."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00057-17","article-title":"Treatment of toxoplasmosis: Historical perspective, animal models, and current clinical practice","volume":"31","author":"Dunay","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2017.1334033","article-title":"Fecal microbiota variation across the lifespan of the healthy laboratory rat","volume":"8","author":"Flemer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2014.12.008","article-title":"Investigation of infectivity of neonates and adults from different rat strains to toxoplasma gondii prugniaud shows both variation which correlates with iNOS and arginase-1 activity and increased susceptibility of neonates to infection","volume":"149","author":"Gao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Exp. Parasitol."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R4","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2013-14-1-r4","article-title":"Inflammation-associated enterotypes, host genotype, cage and inter-individual effects drive gut microbiota variation in common laboratory mice","volume":"14","author":"Hildebrand","year":"2013","journal-title":"Genome Biol."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1515\/ap-2018-0046","article-title":"Genotyping and virulence analysis of toxoplasma gondii isolates from a dead human fetus and dead pigs in jiangsu province, Eastern China","volume":"63","author":"Hou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta parasitol"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1561","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/172.6.1561","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii comprises three clonal lineages: correlation of parasite genotype with human disease","volume":"172","author":"Howe","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-6-227","article-title":"Genetic characterization of toxoplasma gondii from pigs from different localities in China by PCR-RFLP","volume":"6","author":"Jiang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118719","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2021.118719","article-title":"\u03b2-glucan-triggered akkermansia muciniphila expansion facilitates the expulsion of intestinal helminth via TLR2 in mice","volume":"275","author":"Jin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Carbohydr. polymers"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2011.01.005","article-title":"Genetic analyses of atypical toxoplasma gondii strains reveal a fourth clonal lineage in north America","volume":"41","author":"Khan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1611","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-5822.2006.00735.x","article-title":"Induction of dendritic cell migration upon toxoplasma gondii infection potentiates parasite dissemination","volume":"8","author":"Lambert","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cell. Microbiol."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.184.2.597","article-title":"Association of CD4+ T cell-dependent, interferon-gamma-mediated necrosis of the small intestine with genetic susceptibility of mice to peroral infection with toxoplasma gondii","volume":"184","author":"Liesenfeld","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-7-133","article-title":"Phylogeny and virulence divergency analyses of toxoplasma gondii isolates from China","volume":"7","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1421","DOI":"10.1038\/s41416-021-01562-z","article-title":"Life lactobacillus rhamnosus GG colonisation inhibits intestinal tumour formation","volume":"126","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2019.09.009","article-title":"Trichinella spiralis infection decreases the diversity of the intestinal flora in the infected mouse","volume":"54","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. microbiol immunol infection = Wei mian yu gan ran za zhi"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0035834","article-title":"Differences in iNOS and arginase expression and activity in the macrophages of rats are responsible for the resistance against t. gondii infection","volume":"7","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2019.00134","article-title":"Toxoplasma hypervirulence in the rat model parallels human infection and is modulated by the Toxo1 locus","volume":"9","author":"Loeuillet","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Cell. infection Microbiol."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.13967","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii infection impairs the colonic motility of rats due to loss of myenteric neurons","volume":"33","author":"Machado","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol. Motil. Off. J. Eur. Gastroint Motil. Soc."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26717","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1915043116","article-title":"Neutralization of IL-1\u03b1 ameliorates crohn's disease-like ileitis by functional alterations of the gut microbiome","volume":"116","author":"Menghini","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. United States America"},{"key":"B37","volume-title":"Vegan community ecology package version 2.5-7 November 2020","author":"Oksanen","year":"2020"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1728","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2018.04.027","article-title":"The gut microbiota mediates the anti-seizure effects of the ketogenic diet","volume":"173","author":"Olson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00906","article-title":"The genus alistipes: Gut bacteria with emerging implications to inflammation, cancer, and mental health","volume":"11","author":"Parker","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"D590","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gks1219","article-title":"The SILVA ribosomal RNA gene database project: improved data processing and web-based tools","volume":"41","author":"Quast","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3095","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2021.2012346","article-title":"The pathogenicity and virulence of toxoplasma gondii","volume":"12","author":"Sanchez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.13264","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii promotes changes in VIPergic submucosal neurons, mucosal intraepithelial lymphocytes, and goblet cells during acute infection in the ileum of rats","volume":"30","author":"Schneider","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol. Motil. Off. J. Eur. Gastroint Motil. Soc."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6990","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.73.10.6990-6997.2005","article-title":"Innate refractoriness of the Lewis rat to toxoplasmosis is a dominant trait that is intrinsic to bone marrow-derived cells","volume":"73","author":"Sergent","year":"2005","journal-title":"Infection Immun."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2019.105301","article-title":"Changes to the gut microbiota in mice induced by infection with toxoplasma gondii","volume":"203","author":"Shao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta tropica"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1094717","article-title":"Intracellular parasite invasion strategies","volume":"304","author":"Sibley","year":"2004","journal-title":"Sci. (New York NY)"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1038\/359082a0","article-title":"Virulent strains of toxoplasma gondii comprise a single clonal lineage","volume":"359","author":"Sibley","year":"1992","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2020.614701","article-title":"From initiators to effectors: Roadmap through the intestine during encounter of toxoplasma gondii with the mucosal immune system","volume":"10","author":"Snyder","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Cell. infection Microbiol."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3090","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01722-14","article-title":"Complex immune cell interplay in the gamma interferon response during toxoplasma gondii infection","volume":"82","author":"Sturge","year":"2014","journal-title":"Infection Immun."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10753","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.172117099","article-title":"Identification of quantitative trait loci controlling acute virulence in toxoplasma gondii","volume":"99","author":"Su","year":"2002","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. United States America"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8413","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.93.16.8413","article-title":"Toxoplasma invasion: the parasitophorous vacuole is formed from host cell plasma membrane and pinches off via a fission pore","volume":"93","author":"Suss-Toby","year":"1996","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. United States America"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3963","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.16552","article-title":"Gut microbiota composition does not associate with toxoplasma infection in rats","volume":"31","author":"Taggart","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Ecol"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2013.07.014","article-title":"E-NTPDase and e-ADA activities in lymphocytes associated with the immune response of rats experimentally infected with toxoplasma gondii","volume":"135","author":"Tonin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Exp. Parasitol."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2016.03.015","article-title":"Kinetics of acute infection with toxoplasma gondii and histopathological changes in the duodenum of rats","volume":"165","author":"Trevizan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Exp. Parasitol."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-015-0778-5","article-title":"Seroprevalence and genetic characterization of toxoplasma gondii in cancer patients in anhui province, Eastern China","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-016-1525-2","article-title":"Seroprevalence and genotypes of toxoplasma gondii isolated from pigs intended for human consumption in liaoning province, northeastern China","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-05454-x","article-title":"Study on the effect of koumiss on the intestinal microbiota of mice infected with toxoplasma gondii","volume":"12","author":"Yan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/S0344-0338(99)80051-X","article-title":"Infection with toxoplasma gondii RH and prugniaud strains in mice, rats and nude rats: kinetics of infection in blood and tissues related to pathology in acute and chronic infection","volume":"195","author":"Zenner","year":"1999","journal-title":"Pathol Res. Pract."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3227","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2018.1517725","article-title":"A next generation probiotic, akkermansia muciniphila","volume":"59","author":"Zhai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcimb.2022.969832\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,28]],"date-time":"2022-07-28T06:14:23Z","timestamp":1658988863000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcimb.2022.969832\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,28]]},"references-count":58,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fcimb.2022.969832"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcimb.2022.969832","relation":{},"ISSN":["2235-2988"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2235-2988","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,28]]},"article-number":"969832"}}