{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T15:59:52Z","timestamp":1790351992460,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,12]],"date-time":"2022-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660262400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["222546\/Z\/21\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["222546\/Z\/21\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000781","name":"European Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000781","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Gastrointestinal nematodes are a diverse class of pathogens that colonise a quarter of the world\u2019s human population and nearly all grazing livestock. These macroparasites establish, and some migrate, within host gastrointestinal niches during their life cycles and release molecules that condition the host mucosa to enable chronic infections. Understanding how helminths do this, and defining the molecules and mechanisms involved in host modulation, holds promise for novel strategies of anthelmintics and vaccines, as well as new knowledge of immune regulation and tissue repair. Yet the size and complexity of these multicellular parasites, coupled with the reliance on hosts to maintain their life cycles, present obstacles to interrogate how they interact with the gastric and intestinal epithelium, stroma and immune cells during infection, and also to develop protocols to genetically modify these parasites. Gastrointestinal organoids have transformed research on gastric and gut physiology during homeostasis and disease, including investigations on host-pathogen interactions with viruses, bacteria, protozoa and more recently, parasitic nematodes. Here we outline applications and important considerations for the best use of organoids to study gastrointestinal nematode development and interactions with their hosts. The careful use of different organoid culture configurations in order to achieve a closer replication of the\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection context will lead not only to new knowledge on gastrointestinal nematode infection biology, but also towards the replication of their life cycles\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and the development of valuable experimental tools such as\u00a0genetically modified parasites.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.976017","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,12]],"date-time":"2022-08-12T01:38:53Z","timestamp":1660268333000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Organoids as tools to investigate gastrointestinal nematode development and host interactions"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Ruby","family":"White","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frances","family":"Blow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amy H.","family":"Buck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda A.","family":"Duque-Correa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1471","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-021-00629-4","article-title":"Organoids as host models for infection biology \u2013 a review of methods","volume":"53","author":"Aguilar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Exp. Mol. Med."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/s13690-021-00650-z","article-title":"Establishing a controlled hookworm human infection (CHHI) model for Africa: A report from the stakeholders meeting held in lambar\u00e9n\u00e9, Gabon, November 10\u201311, 2019","volume":"79","author":"Alabi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch. Public Health"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00282-18","article-title":"Modeling host-pathogen interactions in the context of the microenvironment: Three-dimensional cell culture comes of age","volume":"86","author":"Barrila","year":"2018","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2016.09.014","article-title":"Modeling infectious diseases and host-microbe interactions in gastrointestinal organoids","volume":"420","author":"Bartfeld","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dev. Biol."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/ANI12020175","article-title":"The role of the intestinal epithelium in the \u201cWeep and sweep\u201d response during gastro\u2013intestinal helminth infections","volume":"12","author":"Baska","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anim. an Open Access J. MDPI"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2022.2052699","article-title":"The barrier and beyond: Roles of intestinal mucus and mucin-type O-glycosylation in resistance and tolerance defense strategies guiding host-microbe symbiosis","volume":"14","author":"Bergstrom","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gut. Microbes"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580-020-0278-0","article-title":"Cell fate specification and differentiation in the adult mammalian intestine","volume":"22","author":"Beumer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 2020 22:1"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2017-314540","article-title":"Polarised epithelial monolayers of the gastric mucosa reveal insights into mucosal homeostasis and defence against infection","volume":"68","author":"Boccellato","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1002\/cpmo.34","article-title":"The study of host immune responses elicited by the model murine hookworms nippostrongylus brasiliensis and heligmosomoides polygyrus","volume":"7","author":"Bouchery","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Protoc. Mouse Biol."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/0471142735.im1912s55","article-title":"Animal model ofNippostrongylus brasiliensisandHeligmosomoides polygyrus","author":"Camberis","year":"2003","journal-title":"Curr. Protoc. Immunol"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/S12915-019-0652-6\/FIGURES\/9","article-title":"Derivation of adult canine intestinal organoids for translational research in gastroenterology","volume":"17","author":"Chandra","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Biol."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009908","article-title":"Experimental human hookworm infection: a narrative historical review","volume":"15","author":"Chapman","year":"2021","journal-title":"PloS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2020.105103","article-title":"Initial assessment of the economic burden of major parasitic helminth infections to the ruminant livestock industry in Europe","volume":"182","author":"Charlier","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1016\/J.PT.2020.07.002","article-title":"The intestinal epithelium at the forefront of host\u2013helminth interactions","volume":"36","author":"Coakley","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2509","DOI":"10.1016\/J.CELREP.2019.01.108","article-title":"Controlling epithelial polarity: A human enteroid model for host-pathogen interactions","volume":"26","author":"Co","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5171","DOI":"10.1038\/s41596-021-00607-0","article-title":"Controlling the polarity of human gastrointestinal organoids to investigate epithelial biology and infectious diseases","volume":"16","author":"Co","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2018.07.005","article-title":"Lessons along the critical path: Developing vaccines against human helminths","volume":"34","author":"Diemert","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2010.09.012","article-title":"Ascaris and ascariasis","volume":"13","author":"Dold","year":"2011","journal-title":"Microbes Infect."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20211140","article-title":"Intestinal epithelial tuft cell induction is negated by a murine helminth and its secreted products","volume":"219","author":"Drurey","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Ex Med"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.08.21.261586","article-title":"Defining the early stages of intestinal colonisation by whipworms","author":"Duque-Correa","year":"2022","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/J.PT.2019.10.013","article-title":"Organoids - new models for host-helminth interactions","volume":"36","author":"Duque-Correa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2020.06.001","article-title":"Development of caecaloids to study host-pathogens interactions: new insights into immune regulatory functions of trichuris muris extracellular vesicles in the caecum","volume":"50","author":"Duque-Correa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2017.07.012","article-title":"Organoid culture systems to study host-pathogen interactions","volume":"48","author":"Dutta","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Immunol."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2017.02.007","article-title":"Disease modeling in stem cell-derived 3D organoid systems","volume":"23","author":"Dutta","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends Mol. Med."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines8030555","article-title":"Advances in the development of anti-haemonchus contortus vaccines: Challenges, opportunities, and perspectives","volume":"8","author":"Ehsan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vaccines (Basel)"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.00850","article-title":"Hookworm secreted extracellular vesicles interact with host cells and prevent inducible colitis in mice","volume":"9","author":"Eichenberger","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/20013078.2018.1428004","article-title":"Characterization of trichuris muris secreted proteins and extracellular vesicles provides new insights into host\u2013parasite communication","volume":"7","author":"Eichenberger","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Extracellular Vesicles"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-020-0171-3","article-title":"Whipworm and roundworm infections","volume":"6","author":"Else","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1387","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaf5211","article-title":"Replication of human noroviruses in stem cell-derived human enteroids","volume":"353","author":"Ettayebi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.904606","article-title":"Development of bovine gastric organoids as a novel In vitro model to study host-parasite interactions in gastrointestinal nematode infections","volume":"12","author":"Faber","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1853","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.70.4.1853-1859.2002","article-title":"Molting, ecdysis, and reproduction of trichinella spiralis are supported in vitro by intestinal epithelial cells","volume":"70","author":"Gagliardo","year":"2002","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1038\/nature16527","article-title":"Intestinal epithelial tuft cells initiate type 2 mucosal immunity to helminth parasites","volume":"529","author":"Gerbe","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00026-08","article-title":"Epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, and control of trichinellosis","volume":"22","author":"Gottstein","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1355","DOI":"10.1016\/s0195-5616(87)50006-7","article-title":"Whipworms and intestinal threadworms","volume":"17","author":"Hendrix","year":"1987","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. North Am. Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-018-0177-8","article-title":"Modelling cryptosporidium infection in human small intestinal and lung organoids","volume":"3","author":"Heo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2947","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20091268","article-title":"Intestinal epithelial cell secretion of RELM-beta protects against gastrointestinal worm infection","volume":"206","author":"Herbert","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1038\/s41578-021-00279-y","article-title":"Engineering organoids","volume":"6","author":"Hofer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mater."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.623691","article-title":"Intestinal stem cells and immune cell relationships: Potential therapeutic targets for inflammatory bowel diseases","volume":"11","author":"Hou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1329","DOI":"10.1126\/SCIENCE.AAF1648","article-title":"Tuft cells, taste-chemosensory cells, orchestrate parasite type 2 immunity in the gut","volume":"351","author":"Howitt","year":"2016","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1017\/s0031182000041202","article-title":"A morphological and histochemical study of trichuris suis (Schrank 1788) with special reference to the host-parasite relationship","volume":"61","author":"Jenkins","year":"1970","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)31930-X","article-title":"Soil-transmitted helminth infections","volume":"391","author":"Jourdan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.09.25.461778","article-title":"Direct reprogramming of the intestinal epithelium by parasitic helminths subverts type 2 immunity","author":"Karo-Atar","year":"2021","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-21201-7","article-title":"Development of a primary human small intestine-on-a-Chip using biopsy-derived organoids","volume":"8","author":"Kasendra","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2019-319919","article-title":"Location-specific cell identity rather than exposure to GI microbiota defines many innate immune signalling cascades in the gut epithelium","volume":"70","author":"Kayisoglu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-012-0348-2","article-title":"Trichuris muris: A model of gastrointestinal parasite infection","volume":"34","author":"Klementowicz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Semin. Immunopathol."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1976","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stemcr.2017.10.013","article-title":"Development and characterization of a human and mouse intestinal epithelial cell monolayer platform","volume":"9","author":"Kozuka","year":"2017","journal-title":"Stem Cell Rep."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/NRDP.2016.88","article-title":"Hookworm infection","volume":"2","author":"Loukas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5564","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1812901116","article-title":"Infection by the parasitic helminth trichinella spiralis activates a Tas2r-mediated signaling pathway in intestinal tuft cells","volume":"116","author":"Luo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1111\/all.13944","article-title":"Regulation of immunity and allergy by helminth parasites","volume":"75","author":"Maizels","year":"2020","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2018.10.016","article-title":"Modulation of host immunity by helminths: The expanding repertoire of parasite effector molecules","volume":"49","author":"Maizels","year":"2018","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13863","article-title":"Modelling human development and disease in pluripotent stem-cell-derived gastric organoids","volume":"516","author":"McCracken","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.05040-11","article-title":"Helminth infections and host immune regulation","volume":"25","author":"McSorley","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2021.08.008","article-title":"Hatching of parasitic nematode eggs: a crucial step determining infection","volume":"38","author":"Mkandawire","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2013.98","article-title":"Development of a primary mouse intestinal epithelial cell monolayer culture system to evaluate factors that modulate IgA transcytosis","volume":"7","author":"Moon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3738","article-title":"Regional specialization within the intestinal immune system","volume":"14","author":"Mowat","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2724-8","article-title":"Homeostatic mini-intestines through scaffold-guided organoid morphogenesis","volume":"585","author":"Nikolaev","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.54846\/jshap\/662","article-title":"Trichuris suis in finishing pigs: Case report and review","volume":"18","author":"Pittman","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Swine Health Prod"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2080-8","article-title":"Mutational signature in colorectal cancer caused by genotoxic pks+ e. coli","volume":"580","author":"Pleguezuelos-Manzano","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1016\/J.IMMUNI.2018.07.016","article-title":"A map of toll-like receptor expression in the intestinal epithelium reveals distinct spatial, cell type-specific, and temporal patterns","volume":"49","author":"Price","year":"2018","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/82_2021_237","article-title":"Controlled infection of humans with the hookworm parasite necator americanus to accelerate vaccine development","author":"Pritchard","year":"2021","journal-title":"Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1016\/J.CHOM.2021.04.002","article-title":"Organoids and organs-on-chips: Insights into human gut-microbe interactions","volume":"29","author":"Puschhof","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-6-153","article-title":"Impact of gastrointestinal parasitic nematodes of sheep, and the role of advanced molecular tools for exploring epidemiology and drug resistance - an Australian perspective","volume":"6","author":"Roeber","year":"2013","journal-title":"Parasitol. Vectors"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.03.021","article-title":"Development of a scalable coculture system for gut anaerobes and human colon epithelium","volume":"159","author":"Sasaki","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1190","DOI":"10.1126\/SCIENCE.1234852\/SUPPL_FILE\/SATO.SM.COVER.PAGE.PDF","article-title":"Growing self-organizing mini-guts from a single intestinal stem cell: Mechanism and applications","volume":"340","author":"Sato","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/J.CELL.2018.05.014","article-title":"A metabolite-triggered tuft cell-ILC2 circuit drives small intestinal remodeling","volume":"174","author":"Schneider","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-018-2621-2","article-title":"Of dogs and hookworms: man\u2019s best friend and his parasites as a model for translational biomedical research","volume":"11","author":"Shepherd","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parasitol. Vectors"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.733811","article-title":"The development of ovine gastric and intestinal organoids for studying ruminant host-pathogen interactions","volume":"11","author":"Smith","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1038\/NATURE16161","article-title":"Tuft-cell-derived IL-25 regulates an intestinal ILC2\u2013epithelial response circuit","volume":"529","author":"Von Moltke","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2017.03.005","article-title":"A microengineered collagen scaffold for generating a polarized crypt-villus architecture of human small intestinal epithelium","volume":"128","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4253","DOI":"10.1242\/JCS.032615","article-title":"Apical trafficking in epithelial cells: signals, clusters and motors","volume":"122","author":"Weisz","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Cell Sci."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"G258","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00282.2020","article-title":"Fluid shear stress enhances differentiation of jejunal human enteroids in intestine-chip","volume":"320","author":"Yin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcimb.2022.976017\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,1]],"date-time":"2024-10-01T04:12:18Z","timestamp":1727755938000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcimb.2022.976017\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,12]]},"references-count":71,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fcimb.2022.976017"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcimb.2022.976017","relation":{},"ISSN":["2235-2988"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2235-2988","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,12]]},"article-number":"976017"}}