{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T01:35:49Z","timestamp":1790732149410,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,8]],"date-time":"2022-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1662595200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Carbapenem-resistant <jats:italic>Enterobacterales<\/jats:italic> poses a global urgent antibiotic resistance threat because of its ability to transfer carbapenemase genes to other bacteria <jats:italic>via<\/jats:italic> horizontal gene transfer mediated by mobile genetic elements such as plasmids. Oxacillinase-181 (OXA-181) is one of the most common OXA-48-like carbapenemases, and OXA-181-producing <jats:italic>Enterobacterales<\/jats:italic> has been reported in many countries worldwide. However, systematic research concerning the overall picture of plasmids harboring <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>OXA-181<\/jats:sub> in <jats:italic>Enterobacterales<\/jats:italic> is currently scarce. In this study, we aimed to determine the phylogeny and evolution of <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>OXA-181<\/jats:sub>-positive (gene encoding OXA-181) plasmids. To characterize the plasmids harboring <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>OXA-181<\/jats:sub> in <jats:italic>Enterobacterales<\/jats:italic>, we identified 81 <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>OXA-181<\/jats:sub>-positive plasmids from 35,150 bacterial plasmids downloaded from the NCBI RefSeq database. Our results indicated that diverse plasmid types harbored <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>OXA-181<\/jats:sub> but was predominantly carried by IncX3-type plasmids. We systematically compared the host strains, plasmid types, conjugative transfer regions, and genetic contexts of <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>OXA-181<\/jats:sub> among the 66 <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>OXA-181<\/jats:sub>-positive IncX3 plasmids. We found that IncX3 plasmids harboring <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>OXA-181<\/jats:sub> were mostly ColKP3-IncX3 hybrid plasmids with a length of 51 kb each and were mainly distributed in <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Klebsiella pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>. Most of the IncX3 plasmids harboring <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>OXA-181<\/jats:sub> were human origin. Almost all the <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>OXA-181<\/jats:sub>-positive IncX3 plasmids were found to carry genes coding for relaxases of the MOB<jats:sub>P<\/jats:sub> family and VirB-like type IV secretion system (T4SS) gene clusters, and all the 66 IncX3 plasmids were found to carry the genes encoding type IV coupling proteins (T4CPs) of the VirD4\/TraG subfamily. Most IncX3 plasmids harbored both <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>OXA-181<\/jats:sub> and <jats:italic>qnrS1<\/jats:italic> in their genomes, and the two antibiotic resistance genes were found to a composite transposon bracketed by two copies of insertion sequence IS<jats:italic>26<\/jats:italic> in the same orientation. Our findings provide important insights into the phylogeny and evolution of <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>OXA-181<\/jats:sub>-positive IncX3 plasmids and further\u00a0address their role in acquiring and spreading <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>OXA-181<\/jats:sub> genes in <jats:italic>Enterobacterales<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.988236","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,8]],"date-time":"2022-09-08T05:45:26Z","timestamp":1662615926000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["In silico characterization of IncX3 plasmids carrying blaOXA-181 in Enterobacterales"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Zhijian","family":"Yu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhengrong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lile","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shengni","family":"Hua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ting","family":"Luan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiuping","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhixiong","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaosan","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mubiao","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaobin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-12-402","article-title":"BLAST ring image generator (BRIG): Simple prokaryote genome comparisons","volume":"12","author":"Alikhan","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Genomics"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmolb.2020.00185","article-title":"Conjugative coupling proteins and the role of their domains in conjugation, secondary structure and in vivo subcellular location","volume":"7","author":"\u00c1lvarez-Rodr\u00edguez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. 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