{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T00:58:57Z","timestamp":1792025937429,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":206,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,25]],"date-time":"2022-10-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666656000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV)-2 has been prominent around the world since it was first discovered, affecting more than 100 million people. Although the symptoms of most infected patients are not serious, there is still a considerable proportion of patients who need hospitalization and even develop fatal symptoms such as cytokine storms, acute respiratory distress syndrome and so on. Cytokine storm is usually described as a collection of clinical manifestations caused by overactivation of the immune system, which plays an important role in tissue injury and multiorgan failure. The immune system of healthy individuals is composed of two interrelated parts, the innate immune system and the adaptive immune system. Innate immunity is the body\u2019s first line of defense against viruses; it can quickly perceive viruses through pattern recognition receptors and activate related inflammatory pathways to clear pathogens. The adaptive immune system is activated by specific antigens and is mainly composed of CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells and B cells, which play different roles in viral infection. Here, we discuss the immune response after SARS-CoV-2 infection. In-depth study of the recognition of and response of innate immunity and adaptive immunity to SARS-CoV-2 will help to prevent the development of critical cases and aid the exploration of more targeted treatments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.988604","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,25]],"date-time":"2022-10-25T07:26:04Z","timestamp":1666682764000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Immune response induced by novel coronavirus infection"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Ying","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yawen","family":"Zou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haiyu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guangying","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zujiang","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhigang","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3125","DOI":"10.1038\/s41418-021-00805-z","article-title":"Patients with COVID-19: in the dark-NETs of neutrophils","volume":"28","author":"Ackermann","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Death differentiation"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1443","DOI":"10.1161\/circresaha.120.317055","article-title":"COVID-19 and the heart","volume":"126","author":"Akhmerov","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1391","article-title":"Toll-like receptor signalling","volume":"4","author":"Akira","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-018-0156-5","article-title":"Second signals rescue b cells from activation-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and death","volume":"19","author":"Akkaya","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1038\/nature24633","article-title":"Origin and differentiation of human memory CD8 T cells after vaccination","volume":"552","author":"Akondy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22031118","article-title":"A missing link: Engagements of dendritic cells in the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 infections","volume":"22","author":"Alamri","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.909342","article-title":"Impaired kallikrein-kinin system in COVID-19 patients' severity","volume":"13","author":"Alfaro","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2020-218100","article-title":"Presence of antiphospholipid antibodies in COVID-19: a case series study","volume":"80","author":"Amezcua-Guerra","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum Dis."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1858","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.11.06.20227215","article-title":"Seasonal human coronavirus antibodies are boosted upon SARS-CoV-2 infection but not associated with protection","volume":"184","author":"Anderson","year":"2020","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1210","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abc6261","article-title":"Systems biological assessment of immunity to mild versus severe COVID-19 infection in humans","volume":"369","author":"Arunachalam","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166725","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2020.11.024","article-title":"Structural insights into SARS-CoV-2 proteins","volume":"433","author":"Arya","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abc6261","article-title":"X-Linked recessive TLR7 deficiency in~ 1% of men under 60 years old with life-threatening COVID-19","volume":"6","author":"Asano","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Immunol."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1767","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.181.3.1767","article-title":"IL-21-induced isotype switching to IgG and IgA by human naive b cells is differentially regulated by IL-4","volume":"181","author":"Avery","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Immunol. (Baltimore Md. 1950)"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-23977-1","article-title":"Immunological imprinting of the antibody response in COVID-19 patients","volume":"12","author":"Aydillo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2014.04.011","article-title":"The balancing act of neutrophils","volume":"15","author":"Bardoel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1177\/095632020601700505","article-title":"Evaluation of immunomodulators, interferons and known in vitro SARS-coV inhibitors for inhibition of SARS-coV replication in BALB\/c mice","volume":"17","author":"Barnard","year":"2006","journal-title":"Antiviral Chem. chemotherapy"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20200652","article-title":"Targeting potential drivers of COVID-19: Neutrophil extracellular traps","volume":"217","author":"Barnes","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-25479-6","article-title":"Neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 variants by convalescent and BNT162b2 vaccinated serum","volume":"12","author":"Bates","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2342","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.2000839","article-title":"Antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2: Let's stick to known knowns","volume":"205","author":"Baumgarth","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.02590-20","article-title":"Decline of humoral responses against SARS-CoV-2 spike in convalescent individuals","volume":"11","author":"Beaudoin-Bussi\u00e8res","year":"2020","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2451","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp2009575","article-title":"Severe covid-19","volume":"383","author":"Berlin","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2048","DOI":"10.1007\/s42399-020-00521-8","article-title":"Immune thrombocytopenia secondary to COVID-19: a systematic review","volume":"2","author":"Bhattacharjee","year":"2020","journal-title":"SN Compr. Clin. Med."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1414","DOI":"10.1093\/nsr\/nwaa123","article-title":"Autopsy of COVID-19 patients in China","volume":"7","author":"Bian","year":"2020","journal-title":"Natl. Sci. Rev."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.584241","article-title":"Anti-phospholipid antibodies in COVID-19 are different from those detectable in the anti-phospholipid syndrome","volume":"11","author":"Borghi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2021.102295","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV-1, and HIV-1 derived ssRNA sequences activate the NLRP3 inflammasome in human macrophages through a non-classical pathway","volume":"24","author":"Campbell","year":"2021","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abj5365","article-title":"Emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern evade humoral immune responses from infection and vaccination","volume":"7","author":"Caniels","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1162","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc070348","article-title":"Disappearance of antibodies to SARS-associated coronavirus after recovery","volume":"357","author":"Cao","year":"2007","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1701","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-1054-6","article-title":"Peripheral immunophenotypes in children with multisystem inflammatory syndrome associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection","volume":"26","author":"Carter","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/s0065-2776(08)60791-9","article-title":"Neutrophil-derived proteins: selling cytokines by the pound","volume":"73","author":"Cassatella","year":"1999","journal-title":"Adv. Immunol."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-020-0191-1","article-title":"Immune response in COVID-19: addressing a pharmacological challenge by targeting pathways triggered by SARS-CoV-2","volume":"5","author":"Catanzaro","year":"2020","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2661","DOI":"10.1172\/jci61303","article-title":"Platelets induce neutrophil extracellular traps in transfusion-related acute lung injury","volume":"122","author":"Caudrillier","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.110102","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 infection pathogenesis is related to oxidative stress as a response to aggression","volume":"143","author":"Cecchini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med. Hypotheses"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-04387-1","article-title":"Omicron extensively but incompletely escapes pfizer BNT162b2 neutralization","volume":"602","author":"Cele","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2006-05-023770","article-title":"Control of coronavirus infection through plasmacytoid dendritic-cell-derived type I interferon","volume":"109","author":"Cervantes-Barragan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abc4776","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 infection protects against rechallenge in rhesus macaques","volume":"369","author":"Chandrashekar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. (New York N.Y.)"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1104","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.3031","article-title":"Molecular regulation of effector and memory T cell differentiation","volume":"15","author":"Chang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00102-14","article-title":"And yuen, K Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus: another zoonotic betacoronavirus causing SARS-like disease","volume":"28","author":"Chan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Y. Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfma.2013.05.010","article-title":"The emerging novel middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus: the \"knowns\" and \"unknowns\"","volume":"112","author":"Chan","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Formos Med. Assoc."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4046","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1601896","article-title":"Sex-based differences in susceptibility to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection","volume":"198","author":"Channappanavar","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Immunol. (Baltimore Md. 1950)"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1007\/s12026-014-8534-z","article-title":"T Cell-mediated immune response to respiratory coronaviruses","volume":"59","author":"Channappanavar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Immunol. Res."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00023-07","article-title":"Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus as an agent of emerging and reemerging infection","volume":"20","author":"Cheng","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa363","article-title":"Serum cytokine and chemokine profile in relation to the severity of coronavirus disease 2019 in China","volume":"222","author":"Chi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2019.11.007","article-title":"Inflammasomes and the fine line between defense and disease","volume":"62","author":"Christgen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Immunol."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.09.016","article-title":"The immunology of multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children with COVID-19","volume":"183","author":"Consiglio","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1136","DOI":"10.1007\/s00108-019-00671-5","article-title":"[Coronaviruses as the cause of respiratory infections]","volume":"60","author":"Corman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Internist (Berl)"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2007.08.003","article-title":"Participation of kallikrein-kinin system in different pathologies","volume":"8","author":"Costa-Neto","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2019.04.011","article-title":"T Follicular helper cell biology: A decade of discovery and diseases","volume":"50","author":"Crotty","year":"2019","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.11.15.383323","article-title":"Immunological memory to SARS-CoV-2 assessed for up to eight months after infection","author":"Dan","year":"2020","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.03.021","article-title":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and pregnancy","volume":"222","author":"Dashraath","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. obstetrics gynecology"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abc5343","article-title":"Primary exposure to SARS-CoV-2 protects against reinfection in rhesus macaques","volume":"369","author":"Deng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. (New York N.Y.)"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-021-01091-0","article-title":"Innate immunity: the first line of defense against SARS-CoV-2","volume":"23","author":"Diamond","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1128\/mSphere.00367-20","article-title":"COVID-19 hyperinflammation: What about neutrophils","volume":"5","author":"Didangelos","year":"2020","journal-title":"mSphere"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2009.03.002","article-title":"Human antiphospholipid antibodies induce TNFalpha in monocytes via toll-like receptor 8","volume":"215","author":"Doring","year":"2010","journal-title":"Immunobiology"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"828","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1405858","article-title":"Transmission of MERS-coronavirus in household contacts","volume":"371","author":"Drosten","year":"2014","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6925a1","article-title":"Characteristics of women of reproductive age with laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection by pregnancy status - United States, January 22-June 7, 2020","volume":"69","author":"Ellington","year":"2020","journal-title":"MMWR. Morbidity mortality weekly Rep."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2141.2005.05753.x","article-title":"The interactions between inflammation and coagulation","volume":"131","author":"Esmon","year":"2005","journal-title":"Br. J. haematology"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2255","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra2026131","article-title":"Cytokine storm","volume":"383","author":"Fajgenbaum","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E2058","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1716937115","article-title":"STING-dependent translation inhibition restricts RNA virus replication","volume":"115","author":"Franz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03207-w","article-title":"Evolution of antibody immunity to SARS-CoV-2","volume":"591","author":"Gaebler","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1757","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp2009249","article-title":"Mild or moderate covid-19","volume":"383","author":"Gandhi","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abc1932","article-title":"Development of an inactivated vaccine candidate for SARS-CoV-2","volume":"369","author":"Gao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. (New York N.Y.)"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.12.033","article-title":"mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccine boosters induce neutralizing immunity against SARS-CoV-2 omicron variant","volume":"185","author":"Garcia-Beltran","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.59177","article-title":"A mechanistic model and therapeutic interventions for COVID-19 involving a RAS-mediated bradykinin storm","volume":"9","author":"Garvin","year":"2020","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.02664","article-title":"Age and sex-associated changes of complement activity and complement levels in a healthy Caucasian population","volume":"9","author":"Gaya da Costa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2020.04.009","article-title":"Complex immune dysregulation in COVID-19 patients with severe respiratory failure","volume":"27","author":"Giamarellos-Bourboulis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.708302","article-title":"NETosis and the immune system in COVID-19: Mechanisms and potential treatments","volume":"12","author":"Gillot","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aag1322","article-title":"Potent protection against H5N1 and H7N9 influenza via childhood hemagglutinin imprinting","volume":"354","author":"Gostic","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. (New York N.Y.)"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2013.05.007","article-title":"Cytosolic sensing of viruses","volume":"38","author":"Goubau","year":"2013","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1977","DOI":"10.1161\/atvbaha.114.304114","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular traps promote thrombin generation through platelet-dependent and platelet-independent mechanisms","volume":"34","author":"Gould","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arteriosclerosis thrombosis Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.3390\/v12020135","article-title":"Return of the coronavirus: 2019-nCoV","volume":"12","author":"Gralinski","year":"2020","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01753-18","article-title":"Complement activation contributes to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus pathogenesis","volume":"9","author":"Gralinski","year":"2018","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1489","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.05.015","article-title":"Targets of T cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus in humans with COVID-19 disease and unexposed individuals","volume":"181","author":"Grifoni","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"982","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.09.034","article-title":"Mapping systemic inflammation and antibody responses in multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-c)","volume":"183","author":"Gruber","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1708","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2002032","article-title":"Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in China","volume":"382","author":"Guan","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2020.107034","article-title":"Continuous tracking of COVID-19 patients' immune status","volume":"89","author":"Guan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1724","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2026116","article-title":"Humoral immune response to SARS-CoV-2 in Iceland","volume":"383","author":"Gudbjartsson","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abc6027","article-title":"Impaired type I interferon activity and inflammatory responses in severe COVID-19 patients","volume":"369","author":"Hadjadj","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1765","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2007.09.017","article-title":"Modulation of 17beta-estradiol on the number and cytotoxicity of NK cells in vivo related to MCM and activating receptors","volume":"7","author":"Hao","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.12.032","article-title":"The omicron variant is highly resistant against antibody-mediated neutralization: Implications for control of the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"185","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI146408","article-title":"NK cell receptor and ligand composition influences the clearance of SARS-CoV-2","volume":"131","author":"Hsieh","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15701","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-95209-x","article-title":"Evolution of NETosis markers and DAMPs have prognostic value in critically ill COVID-19 patients","volume":"11","author":"Huckriede","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2008.12.003","article-title":"TLR7 and TLR8 ligands and antiphospholipid antibodies show synergistic effects on the induction of IL-1beta and caspase-1 in monocytes and dendritic cells","volume":"214","author":"Hurst","year":"2009","journal-title":"Immunobiology"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10010151","article-title":"Significance of NETs formation in COVID-19","volume":"10","author":"Janiuk","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-153628\/v1","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 infects blood monocytes to activate NLRP3 and AIM2 inflammasomes, pyroptosis and cytokine release","author":"Junqueira","year":"2021","journal-title":"Res. Sq"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2380-z","article-title":"Human neutralizing antibodies elicited by SARS-CoV-2 infection","volume":"584","author":"Ju","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.08.025","article-title":"Loss of bcl-6-Expressing T follicular helper cells and germinal centers in COVID-19","author":"Kaneko","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12912","article-title":"Intracellular innate immune receptors: Life inside the cell","volume":"297","author":"Kanneganti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2020.10.025","article-title":"Pathways for bradykinin formation and interrelationship with complement as a cause of edematous lung in COVID-19 patients","volume":"147","author":"Kaplan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2126","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(21)02758-6","article-title":"Omicron SARS-CoV-2 variant: a new chapter in the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"398","author":"Karim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet (London England)"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2021.06.001","article-title":"The 'cytokine storm': molecular mechanisms and therapeutic prospects","volume":"42","author":"Karki","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trends Immunol."},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.11.025","article-title":"Synergism of TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma triggers inflammatory cell death, tissue damage, and mortality in SARS-CoV-2 infection and cytokine shock syndromes","volume":"184","author":"Karki","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03218-7","article-title":"NINJ1 mediates plasma membrane rupture during lytic cell death","volume":"591","author":"Kayagaki","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1446","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2019.04.019","article-title":"FCRL5 memory b cells exhibit robust recall responses","volume":"27","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.01789-21","article-title":"Effects of spike mutations in SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern on human or animal ACE2-mediated virus entry and neutralization","volume":"10","author":"Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12736","article-title":"T-Bet memory b cells: Generation, function, and fate","volume":"288","author":"Knox","year":"2019","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2011.09.039","article-title":"Structural basis for the activation of innate immune pattern-recognition receptor RIG-I by viral RNA","volume":"147","author":"Kowalinski","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2798-3","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in development","volume":"586","author":"Krammer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5383","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2011-07-358432","article-title":"Mast cell modulation of the vascular and lymphatic endothelium","volume":"118","author":"Kunder","year":"2011","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.abd7114","article-title":"Comprehensive mapping of immune perturbations associated with severe COVID-19","volume":"5","author":"Kuri-Cervantes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Immunol."},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-020-0407-1","article-title":"Tissue damage from neutrophil-induced oxidative stress in COVID-19","volume":"20","author":"Laforge","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-01186-5","article-title":"Author correction: A dynamic COVID-19 immune signature includes associations with poor prognosis","volume":"26","author":"Laing","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.7326\/m20-2566","article-title":"Pulmonary arterial thrombosis in COVID-19 with fatal outcome : Results from a prospective, single-center, clinicopathologic case series","volume":"173","author":"Lax","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Internal Med."},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2550-z","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell immunity in cases of COVID-19 and SARS, and uninfected controls","volume":"584","author":"Le Bert","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2550-z","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell immunity in cases of COVID-19 and SARS, and uninfected controls","volume":"584","author":"Le Bert","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2550-z","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell immunity in cases of COVID-19 and SARS, and uninfected controls","volume":"584","author":"Le Bert","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2020.10.005","article-title":"Coronaviruses: Innate immunity, inflammasome activation, inflammatory cell death, and cytokines","volume":"41","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends Immunol."},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e524","DOI":"10.1016\/s2352-3026(21)00105-8","article-title":"COVID-19-associated coagulopathy and antithrombotic agents-lessons after 1 year","volume":"8","author":"Leentjens","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Haematology"},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.aat4579","article-title":"Neutrophils: New insights and open questions","volume":"3","author":"Ley","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Immunol."},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.abi9007","article-title":"Pharmacological activation of STING blocks SARS-CoV-2 infection","volume":"6","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Immunol."},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.138070","article-title":"Clinical and pathological investigation of patients with severe COVID-19","volume":"5","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-020-00460-4","article-title":"Cross-reactive memory T cells and herd immunity to SARS-CoV-2","volume":"20","author":"Lipsitch","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-020-02374-0","article-title":"Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio predicts critical illness patients with 2019 coronavirus disease in the early stage","volume":"18","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Trans. Med."},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03693-y","article-title":"BNT162b2-elicited neutralization of B.1.617 and other SARS-CoV-2 variants","volume":"596","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-022-00996-y","article-title":"COVID-19 vaccine development: milestones, lessons and prospects","volume":"7","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther."},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-0897-1","article-title":"Antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 in patients with COVID-19","volume":"26","author":"Long","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2011.05.003","article-title":"Immune signaling by RIG-i-like receptors","volume":"34","author":"Loo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2588-y","article-title":"Longitudinal analyses reveal immunological misfiring in severe COVID-19","volume":"584","author":"Lucas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(20)30251-8","article-title":"Genomic characterisation and epidemiology of 2019 novel coronavirus: implications for virus origins and receptor binding","volume":"395","author":"Lu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-042617-053214","article-title":"Tissue-resident T cells and other resident leukocytes","volume":"37","author":"Masopust","year":"2019","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2184","article-title":"Reciprocal coupling of coagulation and innate immunity via neutrophil serine proteases","volume":"16","author":"Massberg","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abd3871","article-title":"Selective and cross-reactive SARS-CoV-2 T cell epitopes in unexposed humans","volume":"370","author":"Mateus","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. (New York N.Y.)"},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abd3871","article-title":"Selective and cross-reactive SARS-CoV-2 T cell epitopes in unexposed humans","volume":"370","author":"Mateus","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.02279","article-title":"Sex hormones in acquired immunity and autoimmune disease","volume":"9","author":"Moulton","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23031714","article-title":"COVID-19 and lung mast cells: The kallikrein-kinin activation pathway","volume":"23","author":"Nagashima","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-020-00808-x","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2-derived peptides define heterologous and COVID-19-induced T cell recognition","volume":"22","author":"Nelde","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"B126","article-title":"Fcrl5 and T-bet define influenza-specific memory b cells that predict long-lived antibody responses","volume":"643973","author":"Nellore","year":"2019","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2008","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2016.02.063","article-title":"Memory T cell responses targeting the SARS coronavirus persist up to 11 years post-infection","volume":"34","author":"Ng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2015.08.010","article-title":"Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus e protein transports calcium ions and activates the NLRP3 inflammasome","volume":"485","author":"Nieto-Torres","year":"2015","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2020.04.023","article-title":"Detection of SARS-CoV-2-Specific humoral and cellular immunity in COVID-19 convalescent individuals","volume":"52","author":"Ni","year":"2020","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1998","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.202048908","article-title":"Divergent SARS-CoV-2-specific T- and b-cell responses in severe but not mild COVID-19 patients","volume":"50","author":"Oja","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1998","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.202048908","article-title":"Divergent SARS-CoV-2-specific T-and b-cell responses in severe but not mild COVID-19 patients","volume":"50","author":"Oja","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"B132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4031","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1704507114","article-title":"Simply put: Vaccination saves lives","volume":"114","author":"Orenstein","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"B133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1512","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiab050","article-title":"High levels of neutrophil extracellular traps persist in the lower respiratory tract of critically ill patients with coronavirus disease 2019","volume":"223","author":"Ouwendijk","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-25015-6","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 n protein promotes NLRP3 inflammasome activation to induce hyperinflammation","volume":"12","author":"Pan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"B135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1021","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.09.037","article-title":"Mapping neutralizing and immunodominant sites on the SARS-CoV-2 spike receptor-binding domain by structure-guided high-resolution serology","author":"Piccoli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1656-7","article-title":"Immunization: vital progress, unfinished agenda","volume":"575","author":"Piot","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1471","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2021.06.016","article-title":"Pulmonary thrombosis and thromboembolism in COVID-19","volume":"160","author":"Poor","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"B138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2021.11.004","article-title":"Fostering experimental and computational synergy to modulate hyperinflammation","volume":"43","author":"Potapov","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trends Immunol."},{"key":"B139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa248","article-title":"Dysregulation of immune response in patients with coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) in wuhan, China","volume":"71","author":"Qin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis. an Off. Publ. Infect. Dis. Soc. America"},{"key":"B140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2020.04.013","article-title":"A possible role for b cells in COVID-19? lesson from patients with agammaglobulinemia","volume":"146","author":"Quinti","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"B141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e02415","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02415-20","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 triggers an MDA-5-dependent interferon response which is unable to control replication in lung epithelial cells","volume":"95","author":"Rebendenne","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"B142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9915","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-022-07539-2","article-title":"And prasad, T A comprehensive review on current understanding of bradykinin in COVID-19 and inflammatory diseases","volume":"49","author":"Rex","year":"2022","journal-title":"S. K. Mol. Biol. Rep"},{"key":"B143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2456-9","article-title":"Convergent antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 in convalescent individuals","volume":"584","author":"Robbiani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.11.029","article-title":"Functional SARS-CoV-2-Specific immune memory persists after mild COVID-19","volume":"184","author":"Rodda","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20201707","article-title":"Inflammasomes are activated in response to SARS-CoV-2 infection and are associated with COVID-19 severity in patients","volume":"218","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"B146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-021-00515-5","article-title":"Unique and complementary suppression of cGAS-STING and RNA sensing- triggered innate immune responses by SARS-CoV-2 proteins","volume":"6","author":"Rui","year":"2021","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther."},{"key":"B147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-103019-085803","article-title":"In vivo CD4 T cell differentiation and function: Revisiting the Th1\/Th2 paradigm","volume":"38","author":"Ruterbusch","year":"2020","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"B148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.09.038","article-title":"Antigen-specific adaptive immunity to SARS-CoV-2 in acute COVID-19 and associations with age and disease severity","volume":"183","author":"Rydyznski Moderbacher","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1172\/jci143380","article-title":"Recent endemic coronavirus infection is associated with less-severe COVID-19","volume":"131","author":"Sagar","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"B150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-04266-9","article-title":"Enhanced fusogenicity and pathogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 delta P681R mutation","volume":"602","author":"Saito","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep33123","article-title":"Chemokine CXCL1 mediated neutrophil recruitment: Role of glycosaminoglycan interactions","volume":"6","author":"Sawant","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20201993","article-title":"Antibody potency, effector function, and combinations in protection and therapy for SARS-CoV-2 infection in vivo","volume":"218","author":"Schafer","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"B153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.00678","article-title":"The CD8 T cell response to respiratory virus infections","volume":"9","author":"Schmidt","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"B154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12862","article-title":"Pan-viral specificity of IFN-induced genes reveals new roles for cGAS in innate immunity","volume":"505","author":"Schoggins","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-01143-2","article-title":"Characterization of pre-existing and induced SARS-CoV-2-specific CD8(+) T cells","volume":"27","author":"Schulien","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"B156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1671","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.02.029","article-title":"COVID-19 and the human innate immune system","volume":"184","author":"Schultze","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-020-0389-z","article-title":"Pre-existing immunity to SARS-CoV-2: the knowns and unknowns","volume":"20","author":"Sette","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"B158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.01.007","article-title":"Adaptive immunity to SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19","volume":"184","author":"Sette","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1038\/s41420-019-0181-7","article-title":"SARS-coronavirus open reading frame-8b triggers intracellular stress pathways and activates NLRP3 inflammasomes","volume":"5","author":"Shi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Death Discovery"},{"key":"B160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"C258","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00224.2020","article-title":"Decoding SARS-CoV-2 hijacking of host mitochondria in COVID-19 pathogenesis","volume":"319","author":"Singh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol."},{"key":"B161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8865","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.201802418R","article-title":"Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus ORF3a protein activates the NLRP3 inflammasome by promoting TRAF3-dependent ubiquitination of ASC","volume":"33","author":"Siu","year":"2019","journal-title":"FASEB J. Off. Publ. Fed. Am. Societies Exp. Biol."},{"key":"B162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-018-0712-y","article-title":"Female predisposition to TLR7-driven autoimmunity: gene dosage and the escape from X chromosome inactivation","volume":"41","author":"Souyris","year":"2019","journal-title":"Semin. immunopathology"},{"key":"B163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2012.03.013","article-title":"The JAK-STAT pathway at twenty","volume":"36","author":"Stark","year":"2012","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2020.04.019","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2: A new song recalls an old melody","volume":"27","author":"Subbarao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"B165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-03932-1","article-title":"Dengue virus activates cGAS through the release of mitochondrial DNA","volume":"7","author":"Sun","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-022-01039-2","article-title":"Molecular characteristics, immune evasion, and impact of SARS-CoV-2 variants","volume":"7","author":"Sun","year":"2022","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther."},{"key":"B167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-04865-0","article-title":"Limited cross-variant immunity from SARS-CoV-2 omicron without vaccination","volume":"607","author":"Suryawanshi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/dxz034","article-title":"Regulation of signaling mediated by nucleic acid sensors for innate interferon-mediated responses during viral infection","volume":"31","author":"Takaoka","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. Immunol."},{"key":"B169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-020-0631-z","article-title":"A SARS-CoV-2 surrogate virus neutralization test based on antibody-mediated blockage of ACE2-spike protein-protein interaction","volume":"38","author":"Tan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"B170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7264","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0903490","article-title":"Lack of peripheral memory b cell responses in recovered patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome: a six-year follow-up study","volume":"186","author":"Tang","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Immunol. (Baltimore Md. 1950)"},{"key":"B171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15252\/emmm.202114150","article-title":"Long-lived macrophage reprogramming drives spike protein-mediated inflammasome activation in COVID-19","volume":"13","author":"Theobald","year":"2021","journal-title":"EMBO Mol. Med."},{"key":"B172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-cellbio-020520-111016","article-title":"Cellular mechanisms of NETosis","volume":"36","author":"Thiam","year":"2020","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"B173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15252\/embj.2021107826","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 sensing by RIG-I and MDA5 links epithelial infection to macrophage inflammation","volume":"40","author":"Thorne","year":"2021","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"B174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15252\/embj.2021107826","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 sensing by RIG-I and MDA5 links epithelial infection to macrophage inflammation","volume":"40","author":"Thorne","year":"2021","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"B175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1128\/mmbr.05015-11","article-title":"Into the eye of the cytokine storm","volume":"76","author":"Tisoncik","year":"2012","journal-title":"Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. MMBR"},{"key":"B176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9061383","article-title":"Neutrophils and neutrophil extracellular traps drive necroinflammation in COVID-19","volume":"9","author":"Tomar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"B177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00638","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00638-15","article-title":"Toll-like receptor 3 signaling via TRIF contributes to a protective innate immune response to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection","volume":"6","author":"Totura","year":"2015","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"B178","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.13719","article-title":"Presence of genetic variants among young men with severe COVID-19","volume":"324","author":"van der Made","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"B179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20201129","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2-triggered neutrophil extracellular traps mediate COVID-19 pathology","volume":"217","author":"Veras","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"B180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.00119-21","article-title":"Genomic characterization of a novel SARS-CoV-2 lineage from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil","volume":"95","author":"Voloch","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Virol"},{"key":"B181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.3212","article-title":"Guarding the frontiers: the biology of type III interferons","volume":"16","author":"Wack","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"B182","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abd7728","article-title":"Robust neutralizing antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 infection persist for months","volume":"370","author":"Wajnberg","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. (New York N.Y.)"},{"key":"B183","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.2147\/clep.S249903","article-title":"Epidemiologic and clinical characteristics of 26 cases of COVID-19 arising from patient-to-Patient transmission in liaocheng, China","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Epidemiol."},{"key":"B184","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1002\/jlb.3covr0520-272r","article-title":"Cytokine storm and leukocyte changes in mild versus severe SARS-CoV-2 infection: Review of 3939 COVID-19 patients in China and emerging pathogenesis and therapy concepts","volume":"108","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. leukocyte Biol."},{"key":"B185","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.03.070","article-title":"Epidemiological and clinical features of 125 hospitalized patients with COVID-19 in fuyang, anhui, China","volume":"95","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2020.106683","article-title":"Neutrophil to CD4+ lymphocyte ratio as a potential biomarker in predicting virus negative conversion time in COVID-19","volume":"85","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"B187","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.10.26.20219725","article-title":"Declining prevalence of antibody positivity to SARS-CoV-2: a community study of 365,000 adults","author":"Ward","year":"2020","journal-title":"MedRxiv"},{"key":"B188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1506","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-020-00814-z","article-title":"Extrafollicular b cell responses correlate with neutralizing antibodies and morbidity in COVID-19","volume":"21","author":"Woodruff","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"B189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2020.0994","article-title":"Risk factors associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome and death in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 pneumonia in wuhan, China","volume":"180","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Internal Med."},{"key":"B190","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2022.01.003","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 viroporin encoded by ORF3a triggers the NLRP3 inflammatory pathway","volume":"568","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"B191","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-021-00942-0","article-title":"RIG-I triggers a signaling-abortive anti-SARS-CoV-2 defense in human lung cells","volume":"22","author":"Yamada","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"B192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.02.10.430677","article-title":"Differential roles of RIG-i-like receptors in SARS-CoV-2 infection","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"B193","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2020.04.027","article-title":"Plasma IP-10 and MCP-3 levels are highly associated with disease severity and predict the progression of COVID-19","volume":"146","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"B194","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.108628","article-title":"MDA5 governs the innate immune response to SARS-CoV-2 in lung epithelial cells","volume":"34","author":"Yin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"B195","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2050","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.25989","article-title":"A comparison study of SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody between male and female COVID-19 patients: A possible reason underlying different outcome between sex","volume":"92","author":"Zeng","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"B196","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2355-0","article-title":"Viral and host factors related to the clinical outcome of COVID-19","volume":"583","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B197","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.aan5393","article-title":"Recovery from the middle East respiratory syndrome is associated with antibody and T-cell responses","volume":"2","author":"Zhao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Immunol."},{"key":"B198","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11416","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01410-12","article-title":"Intranasal treatment with poly(I*C) protects aged mice from lethal respiratory virus infections","volume":"86","author":"Zhao","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"B199","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2022.108767","article-title":"Immune features of COVID-19 convalescent individuals revealed by a single-cell RNA sequencing","volume":"108","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"B200","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-021-00937-x","article-title":"TLR2 senses the SARS-CoV-2 envelope protein to produce inflammatory cytokines","volume":"22","author":"Zheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"B201","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1093\/nsr\/nwaa041","article-title":"Pathogenic T-cells and inflammatory monocytes incite inflammatory storms in severe COVID-19 patients","volume":"7","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Natl. Sci. Rev."},{"key":"B202","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-09234-6","article-title":"Activated neutrophils in the initiation and progression of COVID-19: hyperinflammation and immunothrombosis in COVID-19","volume":"10","author":"Zhou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"B203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.838011","article-title":"NETosis and neutrophil extracellular traps in COVID-19: Immunothrombosis and beyond","volume":"13","author":"Zhu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"B204","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd.2015.37","article-title":"Coronaviruses - drug discovery and therapeutic options","volume":"15","author":"Zumla","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discovery"},{"key":"B205","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-021-00902-8","article-title":"Robust SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell immunity is maintained at 6 months following primary infection","volume":"22","author":"Zuo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"B206","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.138999","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular traps in COVID-19","volume":"5","author":"Zuo","year":"2020","journal-title":"JCI Insight"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcimb.2022.988604\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,25]],"date-time":"2022-10-25T07:26:08Z","timestamp":1666682768000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcimb.2022.988604\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,25]]},"references-count":206,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fcimb.2022.988604"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcimb.2022.988604","relation":{},"ISSN":["2235-2988"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2235-2988","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,25]]},"article-number":"988604"}}