{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,11]],"date-time":"2026-07-11T01:49:38Z","timestamp":1783734578444,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":129,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,15]],"date-time":"2023-05-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1684108800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>American Trypanosomiasis or Chagas disease (ChD), a major problem that is still endemic in large areas of Latin America, is caused by <jats:italic>Trypanosoma cruzi<\/jats:italic>. This agent holds a major antigen, cruzipain (Cz). Its C-terminal domain (C-T) is retained in the glycoprotein mature form and bears several post-translational modifications. Glycoproteins containing sulfated N-linked oligosaccharides have been mostly implicated in numerous specific procedures of molecular recognition. The presence of sulfated oligosaccharides was demonstrated in Cz, also in a minor abundant antigen with serine-carboxypeptidase (SCP) activity, as well as in parasite sulfatides. Sulfate-bearing glycoproteins in Trypanosomatids are targets of specific immune responses. <jats:italic>T. cruzi<\/jats:italic> chronically infected subjects mount specific humoral immune responses to sulfated Cz. Unexpectedly, in the absence of infection, mice immunized with C-T, but not with sulfate-depleted C-T, showed ultrastructural heart anomalous pathological effects. Moreover, the synthetic anionic sugar conjugate GlcNAc<jats:sub>6<\/jats:sub>SO<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>-BSA showed to mimic the N-glycan-linked sulfated epitope (sulfotope) humoral responses that natural Cz elicits. Furthermore, it has been reported that sulfotopes participate <jats:italic>via<\/jats:italic> the binding of sialic acid Ig-like-specific lectins (Siglecs) to sulfosialylated glycoproteins in the immunomodulation by host<jats:bold>\u2013<\/jats:bold>parasite interaction as well as in the parasite infection process. Strikingly, recent evidence involved Cz-sulfotope-specific antibodies in the immunopathogenesis and infection processes during the experimental ChD. Remarkably, sera from chronically <jats:italic>T. cruzi<\/jats:italic>-infected individuals with mild disease displayed higher levels of IgG<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> antibodies specific for sulfated glycoproteins and sulfatides than those with more severe forms of the disease, evidencing that <jats:italic>T. cruzi<\/jats:italic> sulfotopes are antigenic independently of the sulfated glycoconjugate type. Ongoing assays indicate that antibodies specific for sulfotopes might be considered biomarkers of human cardiac ChD progression, playing a role as predictors of stability from the early mild stages of chronic ChD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1028496","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,15]],"date-time":"2023-05-15T12:54:16Z","timestamp":1684155256000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Hallmarks of the relationship between host and Trypanosoma cruzi sulfated glycoconjugates along the course of Chagas disease"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Luciana L.","family":"Soprano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maximiliano R.","family":"Ferrero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Jacobs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alicia S.","family":"Couto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vilma G.","family":"Duschak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/dxm1491","article-title":"Sulfates are main targets of immune responses to cruzipain and are involved in heart damage in BALB\/c immunized mice","volume":"20","author":"Acosta","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. 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