{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T14:21:16Z","timestamp":1791901276060,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,14]],"date-time":"2023-02-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676332800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000066","name":"National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000066","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Allergic airway disease (AAD) is a growing concern in industrialized nations and can be influenced by fungal exposures. Basidiomycota yeast species such as <jats:italic>Cryptococcus neoformans<\/jats:italic> are known to exacerbate allergic airway disease; however, recent indoor assessments have identified other Basidiomycota yeasts, including <jats:italic>Vishniacozyma victoriae<\/jats:italic> (syn. <jats:italic>Cryptococcus victoriae<\/jats:italic>), to be prevalent and potentially associated with asthma. Until now, the murine pulmonary immune response to repeated <jats:italic>V. victoriae<\/jats:italic> exposure was previously unexplored.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study aimed to compare the immunological impact of repeated pulmonary exposure to <jats:italic>Cryptococcus<\/jats:italic> yeasts.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Mice were repeatedly exposed to an immunogenic dose of <jats:italic>C. neoformans<\/jats:italic> or <jats:italic>V. victoriae via<\/jats:italic> oropharyngeal aspiration. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and lungs were collected to examine airway remodeling, inflammation, mucous production, cellular influx, and cytokine responses at 1 day and 21 days post final exposure. The responses to <jats:italic>C. neoformans<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>V. victoriae<\/jats:italic> were analyzed and compared.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Following repeated exposure, both <jats:italic>C. neoformans<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>V. victoriae<\/jats:italic> cells were still detectable in the lungs 21 days post final exposure. Repeated <jats:italic>C. neoformans<\/jats:italic> exposure initiated myeloid and lymphoid cellular infiltration into the lung that worsened over time, as well as an IL-4 and IL-5 response compared to PBS-exposed controls. In contrast, repeated <jats:italic>V. victoriae<\/jats:italic> exposure induced a strong CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T cell-driven lymphoid response that started to resolve by 21 days post final exposure.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>C. neoformans<\/jats:italic> remained in the lungs and exacerbated the pulmonary immune responses as expected following repeated exposure. The persistence of <jats:italic>V. victoriae<\/jats:italic> in the lung and strong lymphoid response following repeated exposure were unexpected given its lack of reported involvement in AAD. Given the abundance in indoor environments and industrial utilization of <jats:italic>V. victoriae<\/jats:italic>, these results highlight the importance to investigate the impact of frequently detected fungal organisms on the pulmonary response following inhalational exposure. Moreover, it is important to continue to address the knowledge gap involving Basidiomycota yeasts and their impact on AAD.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1067475","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,14]],"date-time":"2023-02-14T16:27:24Z","timestamp":1676392044000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Persisting Cryptococcus yeast\u00a0species Vishniacozyma victoriae and Cryptococcus neoformans elicit unique airway inflammation in mice following repeated exposure"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Rachael E.","family":"Rush","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine B.","family":"Blackwood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angela R.","family":"Lemons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen C.","family":"Dannemiller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brett J.","family":"Green","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tara L.","family":"Croston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0078866","article-title":"The diversity and distribution of fungi on residential surfaces","volume":"8","author":"Adams","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0128022","article-title":"Chamber bioaerosol study: outdoor air and human occupants as sources of indoor airborne microbes","volume":"10","author":"Adams","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.4103\/JOC.JOC_134_18","article-title":"Grocott methenamine silver positivity in neutrophils","volume":"36","author":"Adhya","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. cytology"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-0691.12617","article-title":"Difficulties with molecular diagnostic tests for mould and yeast infections: where do we stand","author":"Alanio","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. 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