{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:12:14Z","timestamp":1787026334530,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]],"date-time":"2023-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675209600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"\n Introduction<\/jats:title>\n \n Antifungal therapy for aspergillosis is becoming problematic because of the toxicity of currently available drugs, biofilm formation on host surface, and increasing prevalence of azole resistance in\n Aspergillus fumigatus<\/jats:italic>\n . Plants are rich source of bioactive molecules and antimicrobial activity of aromatic bioactive compounds draws attention because of its promising biological properties. The present study elucidated the antibiofilm activity of 4-allyl-2-methoxyphenol (eugenol) against azole-resistant environmental\n A.\u00a0fumigatus<\/jats:italic>\n isolates.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n Soil samples were collected from agricultural fields across India; azole-resistant\n A. fumigatus<\/jats:italic>\n (ARAF) were isolated followed by their molecular identification. Antibiofilm activity of eugenol was calculated via tetrazolium based-MTT assay. The expression of the multidrug efflux pumps genes\n MDR1, MDR4<\/jats:italic>\n , transporters of the\n MFS<\/jats:italic>\n gene,\n erg11A<\/jats:italic>\n gene encoding 14\u03b1 demethylase, and transcription regulatory genes,\n MedA<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n SomA<\/jats:italic>\n and\n SrbA<\/jats:italic>\n , involved in biofilm formation of\n A.\u00a0fumigatus<\/jats:italic>\n were calculated by quantitative real time PCR.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Out of 89\n A.\u00a0fumigatus<\/jats:italic>\n isolates, 10 were identified as azole resistant. Eugenol exhibited antibiofilm activity against ARAF isolates, ranging from 312 to 500 \u00b5g\/mL. Confocal laser scanning microscopy analysis revealed absence of extracellular matrix of ARAF biofilm after eugenol treatment. The gene expression indicated significantly low expression of efflux pumps genes\n MDR1<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n MDR4<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n erg11A<\/jats:italic>\n and\n MedA<\/jats:italic>\n in eugenol treated ARAF isolates when compared with untreated isolates.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n \n Our results demonstrate that eugenol effects the expression of efflux pump and biofilm associated genes as well as inhibits biofilm formation in azole resistant isolates of\n A. fumigatus<\/jats:italic>\n .\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1103957","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]],"date-time":"2023-02-01T03:09:47Z","timestamp":1675220987000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["4-Allyl-2-methoxyphenol modulates the expression of genes involved in efflux pump, biofilm formation and sterol biosynthesis in azole resistant Aspergillus fumigatus"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Pooja","family":"Sen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lovely","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mukund","family":"Vijay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maansi","family":"Vermani Sarin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jata","family":"Shankar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saif","family":"Hameed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pooja","family":"Vijayaraghavan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jof6040199","article-title":"Clonal expansion of environmental triazole resistant Aspergillus fumigatus in Iran","volume":"6","author":"Ahangarkani","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. 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