{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T13:57:51Z","timestamp":1780322271189,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,31]],"date-time":"2023-01-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675123200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study aims to analyze the serotype distribution and drug resistance of <jats:italic>Streptococcus pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> isolated from children aged 8 days to 7 years in Urumqi, China, between 2014 to 2021, during which PCV13 was introduced in the private sector\u2019s immunization program and COVID-19 control was administrated in the last 2 years.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Serotypes of <jats:italic>S. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> isolates were determined by Quellung reaction, and their susceptibility against 14 antimicrobials were tested. According to the start year of PCV13 administration (2017) and COVID-19 control (2020), the study period was divided into three stages: 2014\u20132015, 2018\u20132019, and 2020\u20132021.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 317 isolates were involved in this study. The most common serotypes were type 19F (34.4%), followed by 19A (15.8%), 23F (11.7%), 6B (11.4%), and 6A(5.0%). The coverage rate of both PCV13 and PCV15 was 83.0%. The coverage of PCV20 was a little higher at 85.2%. The resistance rate against penicillin was 28.6% according to the breakpoints of oral penicillin, which would reach up to 91.8% based on the breakpoints of parenteral penicillin for meningitis. The resistance rates to erythromycin, clindamycin, tetracycline, and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim were 95.9%, 90.2%, 88.9%, and 78.8%, respectively. The PCV13 isolate was more resistant to penicillin than the non-PCV13 ones. There was not any significant change found in the serotype distribution since the PCV13 introduction and the COVID-19 control. The resistance rate against oral penicillin slightly elevated to 34.5% in 2018\u20132019 from 30.7% in 2014\u20132015 and then decreased significantly to 18.1% in 2020\u20132021 (<jats:italic>\u03c7<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> = 7.716, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05), while the resistance rate to ceftriaxone (non-meningitis) continuously declined from 16.0% in 2014\u20132015 to 1.4% in 2018\u20132019 and 0% in 2020\u20132021 (Fisher = 24.463, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.01).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The common serotypes of <jats:italic>S. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> isolated from children in Urumqi were types 19F, 19A, 23F, 6B, and 6A, which we found to have no marked change since the PCV13 introduction and the COVID-19 control However, the resistance rate to oral penicillin and ceftriaxone significantly declined in the COVID-19 control stage.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1110652","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,31]],"date-time":"2023-01-31T08:02:35Z","timestamp":1675152155000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["The dynamic change of serotype distribution and antimicrobial resistance of pneumococcal isolates since PCV13 administration and COVID-19 control in Urumqi, China"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Meng-Yang","family":"Guo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xing-Hai","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ju-Ling","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lin","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dilinuer","family":"Wumaier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiang","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reziwaguli","family":"Abulimiti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wen-Li","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kai-Hu","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0177113","article-title":"Serotype distribution of streptococcus pneumoniae causing invasive disease in children in the post-PCV era: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Balsells","year":"2017","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3038","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkaa263","article-title":"Substantial reduction of antibiotic-non-susceptible pneumococcal otitis media following PCV7\/PCV13 sequential introduction","volume":"75","author":"Ben-Shimol","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. 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