{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T21:20:37Z","timestamp":1791840037946,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,2]],"date-time":"2023-05-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682985600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Antifungal agents are not always efficient in resolving vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC), a common genital infection caused by the overgrowth of <jats:italic>Candida<\/jats:italic> spp., including <jats:italic>Candida albicans<\/jats:italic>, or in preventing recurrent infections. Although lactobacilli (which are dominant microorganisms constituting healthy human vaginal microbiota) are important barriers against VVC, the <jats:italic>Lactobacillus<\/jats:italic> metabolite concentration needed to suppress VVC is unknown.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We quantitatively evaluated <jats:italic>Lactobacillus<\/jats:italic> metabolite concentrations to determine their effect on <jats:italic>Candida<\/jats:italic> spp., including 27 vaginal strains of <jats:italic>Lactobacillus crispatus, L. jensenii, L. gasseri, Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>Limosilactobacillus vaginalis<\/jats:italic>, with inhibitory abilities against biofilms of <jats:italic>C. albicans<\/jats:italic> clinical isolates.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Lactobacillus<\/jats:italic> culture supernatants suppressed viable fungi by approximately 24%-92% relative to preformed <jats:italic>C. albicans<\/jats:italic> biofilms; however, their suppression differed among strains and not species. A moderate negative correlation was found between <jats:italic>Lactobacillus<\/jats:italic> lactate production and biofilm formation, but no correlation was observed between hydrogen peroxide production and biofilm formation. Both lactate and hydrogen peroxide were required to suppress <jats:italic>C. albicans<\/jats:italic> planktonic cell growth. <jats:italic>Lactobacillus<\/jats:italic> strains that significantly inhibited biofilm formation in culture supernatant also inhibited <jats:italic>C. albicans<\/jats:italic> adhesion to epithelial cells in an actual live bacterial adhesion competition test.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion <\/jats:title><jats:p>Healthy human microflora and their metabolites may play important roles in the development of new antifungal agent against <jats:italic>C. albicans<\/jats:italic>-induced VVC.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1113401","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,2]],"date-time":"2023-05-02T20:45:49Z","timestamp":1683060349000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Inhibitory effects of vaginal Lactobacilli on Candida albicans growth, hyphal formation, biofilm development, and epithelial cell adhesion"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Tomonori","family":"Takano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hayami","family":"Kudo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuhei","family":"Eguchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Asami","family":"Matsumoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kentaro","family":"Oka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yukitaka","family":"Yamasaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Motomichi","family":"Takahashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takuro","family":"Koshikawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiromu","family":"Takemura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuka","family":"Yamagishi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiroshige","family":"Mikamo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiroyuki","family":"Kunishima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/J.ARCHORALBIO.2018.02.014","article-title":"In vitro investigation on probiotic, anti-candida, and antibiofilm properties of Lactobacillus pentosus strain LAP1","volume":"89","author":"Aarti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch. 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