{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T00:41:43Z","timestamp":1792802503428,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":324,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,24]],"date-time":"2023-01-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674518400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005302","name":"University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005302","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The intracellular protozoan parasite of the genus\n                    <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic>\n                    is among the leading causes of waterborne diarrheal disease outbreaks throughout the world. The parasite is transmitted by ingestion of infective oocysts that are highly stable in the environment and resistant to almost all conventional disinfection methods and water treatments. Control of the parasite infection is exceedingly difficult due to the excretion of large numbers of oocysts in the feces of infected individuals that contaminate the environment and serve as a source of infection for susceptible hosts including humans and animals. Drug development against the parasite is challenging owing to its limited genetic tractability, absence of conventional drug targets, unique intracellular location within the host, and the paucity of robust cell culture platforms for continuous parasite propagation. Despite the high prevalence of the parasite, the only US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved treatment of\n                    <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic>\n                    infections is nitazoxanide, which has shown moderate efficacy in immunocompetent patients. More importantly, no effective therapeutic drugs are available for treating severe, potentially life-threatening cryptosporidiosis in immunodeficient patients, young children, and neonatal livestock. Thus, safe, inexpensive, and efficacious drugs are urgently required to reduce the ever-increasing global cryptosporidiosis burden especially in low-resource countries. Several compounds have been tested for both\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    efficacy against the disease. However, to date, only a few experimental compounds have been subjected to clinical trials in natural hosts, and among those none have proven efficacious. This review provides an overview of the past and present anti-\n                    <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic>\n                    pharmacotherapy in humans and agricultural animals. Herein, we also highlight the progress made in the field over the last few years and discuss the different strategies employed for discovery and development of effective prospective treatments for cryptosporidiosis.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1115522","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,24]],"date-time":"2023-01-24T02:12:56Z","timestamp":1674526376000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":96,"title":["Past, current, and potential treatments for cryptosporidiosis in humans and farm animals: A comprehensive review"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Shahbaz M.","family":"Khan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William H.","family":"Witola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","first-page":"683","article-title":"Assessing the efficacy of nitazoxanide in treatment of cryptosporidiosis using pcr examination","volume":"46","author":"Abaza","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Egypt Soc. Parasitol."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1040","DOI":"10.1097\/inf.0b013e318186257b","article-title":"Nitazoxanide for severe cryptosporidial diarrhea in human immunodeficiency virus infected children","volume":"27","author":"Abraham","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004932.pub2","article-title":"Prevention and treatment of cryptosporidiosis in immunocompromised patients","author":"Abubakar","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E115","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3046.2011.01473.x","article-title":"Cryptosporidiosis: a rare and severe infection in a pediatric renal transplant recipient","volume":"16","author":"Acikgoz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatr. Transplant."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0072634","article-title":"High prevalence of diarrhoegenic intestinal parasite infections among non-ART HIV patients in fitche hospital, Ethiopia","volume":"8","author":"Adamu","year":"2013","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B6","first-page":"613","article-title":"Prevalence, clinical presentation and treatment outcome of cryptosporidiosis in immunocompetent adult patients presenting with acute diarrhoea","volume":"64","author":"Ali","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Pak Med. Assoc."},{"key":"B7","first-page":"969","article-title":"Efficacy of azithromycin, praziquantel and mirazid in treatment of cryptosporidiosis in school children","volume":"32","author":"Allam","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Egypt Soc. Parasitol."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2013.04.029","article-title":"Utility of halofuginone lactate for the prevention of natural cryptosporidiosis of calves, in the presence of co-infection with rotavirus and Salmonella typhimurium","volume":"197","author":"Almawly","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1375","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)11401-2","article-title":"Effect of nitazoxanide on morbidity and mortality in Zambian children with cryptosporidiosis: a randomised controlled trial","volume":"360","author":"Amadi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-9-195","article-title":"High dose prolonged treatment with nitazoxanide is not effective for cryptosporidiosis in HIV positive Zambian children: a randomised controlled trial","volume":"9","author":"Amadi","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1179\/joc.1999.11.5.391","article-title":"Intestinal protozoa in HIV-infected patients: effect of rifaximin in Cryptosporidium parvum and Blastocystis hominis infections","volume":"11","author":"Amenta","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Chemother."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2013.09.002","article-title":"Prevalence and characterization of cryptosporidium spp. in dairy cattle in Nile river delta provinces, Egypt","volume":"135","author":"Amer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Exp. Parasitol."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11604\/pamj.2018.30.66.13160","article-title":"Prevalence of enteric parasitic infections among people living with HIV in abeokuta, Nigeria","volume":"30","author":"Amoo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pan Afr Med. J."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1177\/030098588201900110","article-title":"Intestinal lesions in specific-pathogen-free lambs associated with a cryptosporidium from calves with diarrhea","volume":"19","author":"Angus","year":"1982","journal-title":"Vet. Pathol."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2497","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1992.00400240111018","article-title":"Treatment of cryptosporidiosis with paromomycin. a report of five cases","volume":"152","author":"Armitage","year":"1992","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1111\/pim.12317","article-title":"Evaluation of recombinant P23 protein as a vaccine for passive immunization of newborn calves against Cryptosporidium parvum","volume":"38","author":"Askari","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smallrumres.2019.09.021","article-title":"The determination of treatment effect of chitosan oligosaccharide in lambs with experimentally cryptosporidiosis","volume":"180","author":"Aydogdu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Small Rumin Res."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.22456\/1679-9216.81809","article-title":"Comparison of the effectiveness of halofuginone lactate and paromomycin in the treatment of calves naturally infected with Cryptosporidium parvum","volume":"46","author":"Aydogdu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Scientiae Veterinariae"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/31.5.951","article-title":"Changes over calendar time in the risk of specific first AIDS-defining events following HIV seroconversion, adjusting for competing risks","volume":"31","author":"Babiker","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1590\/s1413-86702008000200004","article-title":"Enteric parasitic infections in HIV\/AIDS patients before and after the highly active antiretroviral therapy","volume":"12","author":"Bachur","year":"2008","journal-title":"Braz. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.18340","article-title":"Life-threatening Cryptosporidium diarrhea in a child on induction chemotherapy for acute lymphoblastic leukemia","volume":"13","author":"Bakliwal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7015","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1814685116","article-title":"Lysyl-tRNA synthetase as a drug target in malaria and cryptosporidiosis","volume":"116","author":"Baragana","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2020.101871","article-title":"Target identification of an antimalarial oxaborole identifies AN13762 as an alternative chemotype for targeting CPSF3 in apicomplexan parasites","volume":"23","author":"Bellini","year":"2020","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1177\/104063879801000224","article-title":"Lasalocid toxicosis in neonatal calves","volume":"10","author":"Benson","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Vet. Diagn. Invest."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1111\/tid.12336","article-title":"Cryptosporidium infection after renal transplantation in an endemic area","volume":"17","author":"Bhadauria","year":"2015","journal-title":"Transpl Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/18.3.447","article-title":"Paromomycin: an effective treatment for cryptosporidial diarrhea in patients with AIDS","volume":"18","author":"Bissuel","year":"1994","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1258\/0956462971919543","article-title":"Pilot studies of azithromycin, letrazuril and paromomycin in the treatment of cryptosporidiosis","volume":"8","author":"Blanshard","year":"1997","journal-title":"Int. J. STD AIDS"},{"key":"B28","first-page":"418","article-title":"Importance of antiproteases in the treatment of microsporidia and\/or cryptosporidia infections in HIV-seropositive patients","volume":"46","author":"Bobin","year":"1998","journal-title":"Pathol. Biol. (Paris)"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1016\/s0022-3476(05)82412-6","article-title":"Treatment of chronic cryptosporidial infection with orally administered human serum immune globulin","volume":"119","author":"Borowitz","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biom9120801","article-title":"Cyclodextrins: Emerging medicines of the new millennium","volume":"9","author":"Braga","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182020002267","article-title":"Efficacy of halofuginone products to prevent or treat cryptosporidiosis in bovine calves: a systematic review and meta-analyses","volume":"148","author":"Brainard","year":"2021","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e02061","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02061-18","article-title":"Optimization of methionyl tRNA-synthetase inhibitors for treatment of Cryptosporidium infection","volume":"63","author":"Buckner","year":"2019","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1759","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfh881","article-title":"A dance teacher with kidney-pancreas transplant and diarrhoea: what is the cause","volume":"20","author":"Burdese","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial Transplant."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3142","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2000.03285.x","article-title":"The changing etiology of chronic diarrhea in HIV-infected patients with CD4 cell counts less than 200 cells\/mm3","volume":"95","author":"Call","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(97)07529-6","article-title":"Treatment of HIV-1-associated microsporidiosis and cryptosporidiosis with combination antiretroviral therapy","volume":"351","author":"Carr","year":"1998","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2008.05.012","article-title":"Activity of an anti-inflammatory drug against cryptosporidiosis in neonatal lambs","volume":"155","author":"Castro-Hermida","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/s0304-4017(01)00505-2","article-title":"Evaluation of beta-cyclodextrin against natural infections of cryptosporidiosis in calves","volume":"101","author":"Castro-Hermida","year":"2001","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smallrumres.2006.08.008","article-title":"Natural infection by Cryptosporidium parvum and Giardia duodenalis in sheep and goats in Galicia (NW Spain)","volume":"72","author":"Castro-Hermida","year":"2007","journal-title":"Small Ruminant Res."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2003.12.012","article-title":"Efficacy of alpha-cyclodextrin against experimental cryptosporidiosis in neonatal goats","volume":"120","author":"Castro-Hermida","year":"2004","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1134","DOI":"10.1016\/s0020-7519(01)00220-x","article-title":"Treatment with beta-cyclodextrin of natural Cryptosporidium parvum infections in lambs under field conditions","volume":"31","author":"Castro-Hermida","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/s0304-4017(01)00639-2","article-title":"Prevalence and analysis of potential risk factors for Cryptosporidium parvum infection in lambs in zaragoza (northeastern Spain)","volume":"104","author":"Causape","year":"2002","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"B42","first-page":"41","article-title":"Efficacy of halofuginone lactate against natural Cryptosporidium parvum infections in lambs","volume":"59","author":"Causap\u00e9","year":"1999","journal-title":"Res. Rev. Parasitol."},{"key":"B43","unstructured":"DPDx cryptosporidiosisCenters for disease control and prevention2019"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-115-9-705","article-title":"Effect of octreotide on refractory AIDS-associated diarrhea. a prospective, multicenter clinical trial","volume":"115","author":"Cello","year":"1991","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"B45","first-page":"231","article-title":"Prevalence of intestinal parasites among HIV infected and HIV uninfected patients treated at the 1 degrees de maio health centre in Maputo, Mozambique","volume":"9","author":"Cerveja","year":"2017","journal-title":"EC Microbiol."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.4415\/ANN_12_04_10","article-title":"Waterborne outbreaks of cryptosporidiosis","volume":"48","author":"Chalmers","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann. Ist Super Sanita"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-415846-7.00016-0","article-title":"Cryptosporidium","volume-title":"Microbiology of waterborne diseases","author":"Chalmers","year":"2014"},{"key":"B48","first-page":"341","article-title":"Halofuginone lactate in the control of cryptosporidiosis in neonate kids","volume":"150","author":"Chartier","year":"1999","journal-title":"Rev. Medecine Veterinaire"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-5877(95)00511-0","article-title":"Prophylaxis using paromomycin of natural cryptosporidial infection in neonatal kids","volume":"25","author":"Chartier","year":"1996","journal-title":"Prev. Veterinary Med."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(14)70772-8","article-title":"A review of the global burden, novel diagnostics, therapeutics, and vaccine targets for cryptosporidium","volume":"15","author":"Checkley","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1146","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199109000-00020","article-title":"Paromomycin for the treatment of cryptosporidial diarrhoea in AIDS patients","volume":"5","author":"Clezy","year":"1991","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-198912000-00016","article-title":"Efficacy of the somatostatin analogue (SMS-201-995), sandostatin, for cryptosporidial diarrhoea in patients with AIDS","volume":"3","author":"Clotet","year":"1989","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199007000-00020","article-title":"Diclazuril in the treatment of severe cryptosporidial diarrhoea in AIDS patients","volume":"4","author":"Connolly","year":"1990","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3004","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2016-11861","article-title":"Reducing gut effects from Cryptosporidium parvum infection in dairy calves through prophylactic glucagon-like peptide 2 therapy or feeding of an artificial sweetener","volume":"100","author":"Connor","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1097\/00042560-200012150-00011","article-title":"Differential impact of combined antiretroviral therapy on the survival of italian patients with specific AIDS-defining illnesses","volume":"25","author":"Conti","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-108-5-708","article-title":"Somatostatin treatment for cryptosporidial diarrhea in a patient with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)","volume":"108","author":"Cook","year":"1988","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0904.020417","article-title":"Cost of illness in the 1993 waterborne Cryptosporidium outbreak, Milwaukee, Wisconsin","volume":"9","author":"Corso","year":"2003","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.4.3.325","article-title":"Cryptosporidiosis","volume":"4","author":"Current","year":"1991","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1550-7408.1986.tb05567.x","article-title":"A comparison of endogenous development of three isolates of Cryptosporidium in suckling mice","volume":"33","author":"Current","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Protozool"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1252","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198305263082102","article-title":"Human cryptosporidiosis in immunocompetent and immunodeficient persons. studies of an outbreak and experimental transmission","volume":"308","author":"Current","year":"1983","journal-title":"N Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-103-6-886","article-title":"A waterborne outbreak of cryptosporidiosis in normal hosts","author":"D'Antonio","year":"1985","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1097\/MOG.0000000000000016","article-title":"Gastrointestinal infections after transplantation","volume":"30","author":"Danziger-Isakov","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1460","DOI":"10.1177\/106002809302701209","article-title":"Treatment of cryptosporidial diarrhea in an AIDS patient with paromomycin","volume":"27","author":"Danziger","year":"1993","journal-title":"Ann. Pharmacother."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.1016\/s0020-7519(99)00076-4","article-title":"A review of the importance of cryptosporidiosis in farm animals","volume":"29","author":"de Graaf","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e545","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clml.2021.01.019","article-title":"Case report: Two cases of cryptosporidiosis in heavily pretreated patients with myeloma","volume":"21","author":"Demonchy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Lymphoma Myeloma Leuk"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3062.2007.00245.x","article-title":"Cryptosporidium parvum-associated sclerosing cholangitis in a liver transplant patient","volume":"10","author":"Denkinger","year":"2008","journal-title":"Transpl Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1590\/s0037-86822007000500004","article-title":"Seasonal profile and level of CD4+ lymphocytes in the occurrence of cryptosporidiosis and cystoisosporidiosis in HIV\/AIDS patients in the triangulo mineiro region, Brazil","volume":"40","author":"de Oliveira-Silva","year":"2007","journal-title":"Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2010.06.017","article-title":"Control of cryptosporidiosis in neonatal calves: use of halofuginone lactate in two different calf rearing systems","volume":"96","author":"De Waele","year":"2010","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1060","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2009.80.1060","article-title":"High early mortality in patients with chronic acquired immunodeficiency syndrome diarrhea initiating antiretroviral therapy in Haiti: a case-control study","volume":"80","author":"Dillingham","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2021.109574","article-title":"Prophylactic and therapeutic efficacy of clinoptilolite against Cryptosporidium parvum in experimentally challenged neonatal lambs","volume":"299","author":"Dinler Ay","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.51.2.138","article-title":"Chronic cryptosporidiosis in patients with AIDS: stable remission and possible eradication after long-term, low dose azithromycin","volume":"51","author":"Dionisio","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1997.56.637","article-title":"Nitazoxanide in the treatment of cryptosporidial diarrhea and other intestinal parasitic infections associated with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in tropical Africa","volume":"56","author":"Doumbo","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idcr.2021.e01115","article-title":"Disseminated Cryptosporidium infection in an infant with CD40L deficiency","volume":"24","author":"Dupuy","year":"2021","journal-title":"IDCases"},{"key":"B74","first-page":"A175","volume-title":"The therapeutic efficacy of tylosin in calf cryptosporidiosis","author":"Duru","year":"2013"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1892\/0891-6640(2005)19[590:eoadit]2.0.co;2","article-title":"Efficacy of azithromycin dihydrate in treatment of cryptosporidiosis in naturally infected dairy calves","volume":"19","author":"Elitok","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2018.01.003","article-title":"Discovery of ebselen as an inhibitor of Cryptosporidium parvum glucose-6-phosphate isomerase (CpGPI) by high-throughput screening of existing drugs","volume":"8","author":"Eltahan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol. Drugs Drug Resist."},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1111\/jeu.12690","article-title":"The action of the hexokinase inhibitor 2-deoxy-d-glucose on Cryptosporidium parvum and the discovery of activities against the parasite hexokinase from marketed drugs","volume":"66","author":"Eltahan","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Eukaryot Microbiol."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3001604","article-title":"Live imaging of the Cryptosporidium parvum life cycle reveals direct development of male and female gametes from type I meronts","volume":"20","author":"English","year":"2022","journal-title":"PloS Biol."},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.2307\/3283662","article-title":"Activity of sulfadimethoxine against cryptosporidiosis in dairy calves","volume":"78","author":"Fayer","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Parasitol."},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.2307\/3282595","article-title":"Efficacy of hyperimmune bovine colostrum for prophylaxis of cryptosporidiosis in neonatal calves","volume":"75","author":"Fayer","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Parasitol."},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.2307\/3283619","article-title":"Paromomycin is effective as prophylaxis for cryptosporidiosis in dairy calves","volume":"79","author":"Fayer","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Parasitol."},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.2307\/3283980","article-title":"Activity of benzimidazoles against cryptosporidiosis in neonatal BALB\/c mice","volume":"81","author":"Fayer","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Parasitol."},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.2307\/3282539","article-title":"Efficacy of bovine transfer factor to protect neonatal calves against experimentally induced clinical cryptosporidiosis","volume":"73","author":"Fayer","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Parasitol."},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.1016\/s0020-7519(00)00135-1","article-title":"Epidemiology of Cryptosporidium: transmission, detection and identification","volume":"30","author":"Fayer","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2009.05.011","article-title":"Cryptosporidium xiaoi n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Cryptosporidiidae) in sheep (Ovis aries)","volume":"164","author":"Fayer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2010.04.028","article-title":"Cryptosporidium ubiquitum n. sp. in animals and humans","volume":"172","author":"Fayer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2008.05.024","article-title":"Cryptosporidium ryanae n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Cryptosporidiidae) in cattle (Bos taurus)","volume":"156","author":"Fayer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2005.08.003","article-title":"Prevalence of species and genotypes of Cryptosporidium found in 1-2-year-old dairy cattle in the eastern united states","volume":"135","author":"Fayer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1645\/GE-3435","article-title":"Cryptosporidium bovis n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Cryptosporidiidae) in cattle (Bos taurus)","volume":"91","author":"Fayer","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Parasitol."},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.3920\/BM2019.0167","article-title":"Effect of the administration of Lactobacillus spp. strains on neonatal diarrhoea, immune parameters and pathogen abundance in pre-weaned calves","volume":"11","author":"Fernandez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Benef Microbes"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.157.9.261","article-title":"Effect of different decoquinate treatments on cryptosporidiosis in naturally infected cashmere goat kids","volume":"157","author":"Ferre","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vet. Rec"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1093\/clind\/16.2.298","article-title":"Use of paromomycin for treatment of cryptosporidiosis in patients with AIDS","volume":"16","author":"Fichtenbaum","year":"1993","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2889","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200012220-00010","article-title":"Rifabutin but not clarithromycin prevents cryptosporidiosis in persons with advanced HIV infection","volume":"14","author":"Fichtenbaum","year":"2000","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.2754\/avb198352030183","article-title":"Attempted therapy and prophylaxis of cryptosporidiosis in calves by administration of sulphadimidine","volume":"52","author":"Fischer","year":"1983","journal-title":"Acta Veterinaria Brno"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(97)89499-5","article-title":"Prospective trial of paromomycin for cryptosporidiosis in AIDS","volume":"100","author":"Flanigan","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-116-10-840","article-title":"Cryptosporidium infection and CD4 counts","volume":"116","author":"Flanigan","year":"1992","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1080\/00365520500380817","article-title":"ColoPlus, a new product based on bovine colostrum, alleviates HIV-associated diarrhoea","volume":"41","author":"Floren","year":"2006","journal-title":"Scand. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199801000-00005","article-title":"Improvement of chronic diarrhoea in patients with advanced HIV-1 infection during potent antiretroviral therapy","volume":"12","author":"Foudraine","year":"1998","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e31817beb78","article-title":"Resolution of severe cryptosporidial diarrhea with rifaximin in patients with AIDS","volume":"48","author":"Gathe","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr."},{"key":"B100","article-title":"Treatment of gastrointestinal cryptosporidiosis with paromomycin (abstract 2121)","author":"Gathe","year":"1990"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2008.05.002","article-title":"Prevalence and molecular characterisation of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in lambs and goat kids in Belgium","volume":"155","author":"Geurden","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6825a3","article-title":"Cryptosporidiosis outbreaks - united state -2017","volume":"68","author":"Gharpure","year":"2019","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep."},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smallrumres.2008.01.007","article-title":"Efficacy of halofuginone lactate for the treatment and prevention of cryptosporidiosis in goat kids: An extensive field trial","volume":"76","author":"Giadinis","year":"2008","journal-title":"Small Ruminant Res."},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2885.2007.00900.x","article-title":"Effect of halofuginone lactate on treatment and prevention of lamb cryptosporidiosis: an extensive field trial","volume":"30","author":"Giadinis","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Vet. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199207000-00015","article-title":"Vapreotide, a somatostatin analogue, in cryptosporidiosis and other AIDS-related diarrhoeal diseases","volume":"6","author":"Girard","year":"1992","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"B106","first-page":"863","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of acute cryptosporidiosis in the calf","volume":"42","author":"Gobel","year":"1987","journal-title":"Tieraerztliche Umschau."},{"key":"B107","first-page":"490","article-title":"Possibilities of therapy of cryptosporidiosis in calves in problematic farms. zentralblatt f\u00fcr bakteriologie, mikrobiologie und hygiene","volume":"265","author":"Gobel","year":"1987","journal-title":"Ser. A: Med. Microbiology Infect. Diseases Virology Parasitol."},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smallrumres.2006.08.010","article-title":"The prevalence and molecular characterisation of cryptosporidium spp. in small ruminants in Zambia","volume":"72","author":"Goma","year":"2007","journal-title":"Small Ruminant Res."},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1097\/00042560-199612010-00008","article-title":"Treatment of severe diarrhea caused by Cryptosporidium parvum with oral bovine immunoglobulin concentrate in patients with AIDS","volume":"13","author":"Greenberg","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. Hum. Retrovirol"},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.151.20.606","article-title":"Controlling the onset of natural cryptosporidiosis in calves with paromomycin sulphate","volume":"151","author":"Grinberg","year":"2002","journal-title":"Vet. Rec"},{"key":"B111","first-page":"726","article-title":"Resolution of AIDS associated cryptosporidiosis after treatment with indinavir","volume":"92","author":"Grube","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1586","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1996.57.11.1586","article-title":"Field testing of prophylactic measures against Cryptosporidium parvum infection in calves in a California dairy herd","volume":"57","author":"Harp","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199408000-00011","article-title":"A phase I study of letrazuril in AIDS-related cryptosporidiosis","volume":"8","author":"Harris","year":"1994","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-2787(67)90147-5","article-title":"The specific inhibition of the DNA-directed RNA synthesis by rifamycin","volume":"145","author":"Hartmann","year":"1967","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00023-21","article-title":"Spontaneous selection of Cryptosporidium drug resistance in a calf model of infection","volume":"65","author":"Hasan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1097\/00005792-199703000-00004","article-title":"Cryptosporidiosis in Houston, texas. a report of 95 cases","volume":"76","author":"Hashmey","year":"1997","journal-title":"Med. (Baltimore)"},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-019-3704-4","article-title":"Cryptosporidium infections in terrestrial ungulates with focus on livestock: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Hatam-Nahavandi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1372","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198905253202103","article-title":"Large Community outbreak of cryptosporidiosis due to contamination of a filtered public water supply","volume":"320","author":"Hayes","year":"1989","journal-title":"N Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1128\/br.7.4.175-262.1943","article-title":"The mode of action of sulfonamides","volume":"7","author":"Henry","year":"1943","journal-title":"Bacteriol Rev."},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1084","DOI":"10.1086\/318155","article-title":"Paromomycin: no more effective than placebo for treatment of cryptosporidiosis in patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection. AIDS clinical trial group","volume":"31","author":"Hewitt","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/s0022-3476(96)70258-5","article-title":"Azithromycin therapy for Cryptosporidium parvum infection in four children infected with human immunodeficiency virus","volume":"129","author":"Hicks","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01159-06","article-title":"Antiparasitic drug nitazoxanide inhibits the pyruvate oxidoreductases of Helicobacter pylori, selected anaerobic bacteria and parasites, and Campylobacter jejuni","volume":"51","author":"Hoffman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.279.5.384","article-title":"Possible effectiveness of clarithromycin and rifabutin for cryptosporidiosis chemoprophylaxis in HIV disease. HIV outpatient study (HOPS) investigators","volume":"279","author":"Holmberg","year":"1998","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3046.2006.00593.x","article-title":"Severe cryptosporidiosis in a seven-year-old renal transplant recipient: case report and review of the literature","volume":"11","author":"Hong","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pediatr. Transplant."},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2032","DOI":"10.2105\/ajph.87.12.2032","article-title":"Cryptosporidiosis-associated mortality following a massive waterborne outbreak in Milwaukee, Wisconsin","volume":"87","author":"Hoxie","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health"},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3135","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jmedchem.9b00069","article-title":"Development of 5-Aminopyrazole-4-carboxamide-based bumped-kinase inhibitors for cryptosporidiosis therapy","volume":"62","author":"Huang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2015.09.002","article-title":"Therapeutic effects of acetylspiramycin and garlicin on cryptosporidiosis among drug users","volume":"5","author":"Huang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol. Drugs Drug Resist."},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2017.08.006","article-title":"Advances in bumped kinase inhibitors for human and animal therapy for cryptosporidiosis","volume":"47","author":"Hulverson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-200203000-00017","article-title":"Oral bovine serum concentrate improves cryptosporidial enteritis in calves","volume":"51","author":"Hunt","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"B130","first-page":"463","article-title":"Comparative study between the effect of nitazoxanide and paromomycine in treatment of cryptosporidiosis in hospitalized children","volume":"43","author":"Hussien","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Egypt Soc. Parasitol."},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2019.12.016","article-title":"A one health approach to tackle cryptosporidiosis","volume":"36","author":"Innes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"B132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa421","article-title":"Clofazimine for treatment of cryptosporidiosis in human immunodeficiency virus infected adults: An experimental medicine, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 2a trial","volume":"73","author":"Iroh Tam","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1053\/jinf.2001.0810","article-title":"The changing pattern of AIDS-defining illnesses with the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in a London clinic","volume":"42","author":"Ives","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Infect."},{"key":"B134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2018.07.005","article-title":"Cryptosporidium infection is associated with reduced growth and diarrhoea in goats beyond weaning","volume":"260","author":"Jacobson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"B135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2016.08.003","article-title":"Greater intensity and frequency of Cryptosporidium and Giardia oocyst shedding beyond the neonatal period is associated with reductions in growth, carcase weight and dressing efficiency in sheep","volume":"228","author":"Jacobson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"B136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1495","DOI":"10.1016\/j.str.2017.07.015","article-title":"Targeting prolyl-tRNA synthetase to accelerate drug discovery against malaria, leishmaniasis, toxoplasmosis, cryptosporidiosis, and coccidiosis","volume":"25","author":"Jain","year":"2017","journal-title":"Structure"},{"key":"B137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1801","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(05)72854-X","article-title":"Effect of halofuginone lactate on the occurrence of Cryptosporidium parvum and growth of neonatal dairy calves","volume":"88","author":"Jarvie","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"B138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2019.07.003","article-title":"The FDA-approved oral drug nitazoxanide amplifies host antiviral responses and inhibits Ebola virus","volume":"19","author":"Jasenosky","year":"2019","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"B139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/s0304-4017(03)00006-2","article-title":"Prevalence and control of bovine cryptosporidiosis in German dairy herds","volume":"112","author":"Joachim","year":"2003","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"B140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1023\/a:1006381522986","article-title":"Confirmation of the prophylactic value of paromomycin in a natural outbreak of caprine cryptosporidiosis","volume":"24","author":"Johnson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Vet. Res. Commun."},{"key":"B141","first-page":"425","article-title":"Clarithromycin prophylaxis against Cryptosporidium enteritis in patients with AIDS","volume":"88","author":"Jordan","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Natl. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"B142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e01505","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01505-17","article-title":"A novel piperazine-based drug lead for cryptosporidiosis from the medicines for malaria venture open-access malaria box","volume":"62","author":"Jumani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"B143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2022.110429","article-title":"Evaluation of the efficacy of cow colostrum in the treatment and its effect on serum proteomes in calves with cryptosporidiosis","volume":"248","author":"Kacar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol."},{"key":"B144","first-page":"179","article-title":"Azithromycin as treatment for cryptosporidiosis in human immunodeficiency virus disease","volume":"48","author":"Kadappu","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Postgraduate Med."},{"key":"B145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-70548-4_16","article-title":"Cryptosporidium: Waterborne and foodborne transmission and worldwide outbreaks","volume-title":"Recent advances in environmental science from the Euro-Mediterranean and surrounding regions","author":"Karanis","year":"2018"},{"key":"B146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2017.07.029","article-title":"Evaluation of the in-field efficacy of oregano essential oil administration on the control of neonatal diarrhea syndrome in calves","volume":"115","author":"Katsoulos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"B147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1177\/106002808802200206","article-title":"Treatment of severe cryptosporidium-related diarrhea with octreotide in a patient with AIDS","volume":"22","author":"Katz","year":"1988","journal-title":"Drug Intell. Clin. Pharm."},{"key":"B148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2013.03.003","article-title":"Integration of halofuginone lactate treatment and disinfection with p-chloro-m-cresol to control natural cryptosporidiosis in calves","volume":"196","author":"Keidel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"B149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.312.7040.1187","article-title":"Albendazole chemotherapy for treatment of diarrhoea in patients with AIDS in Zambia: a randomised double blind controlled trial","volume":"312","author":"Kelly","year":"1996","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"B150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E758","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109x(18)30283-3","article-title":"Morbidity, mortality, and long-term consequences associated with diarrhoea from Cryptosporidium infection in children younger than 5 years: a meta-analyses study","volume":"6","author":"Khalil","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Global Health"},{"key":"B151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2010.03.008","article-title":"Molecular characterization and assessment of zoonotic transmission of Cryptosporidium from dairy cattle in West Bengal, India","volume":"171","author":"Khan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"B152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2022.04.001","article-title":"Activity of (1-benzyl-4-triazolyl)-indole-2-carboxamides against Toxoplasma gondii and Cryptosporidium parvum","volume":"19","author":"Khan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol. Drugs Drug Resist."},{"key":"B153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.800293","article-title":"Cryptosporidium parvum pyruvate kinase inhibitors with in vivo anti-cryptosporidial efficacy","volume":"12","author":"Khan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"B154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2007.05.007","article-title":"Preventive and therapeutic efficacy of halofuginone-lactate against Cryptosporidium parvum in spontaneously infected calves: a centralised, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study","volume":"177","author":"Klein","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"B155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60844-2","article-title":"Burden and aetiology of diarrhoeal disease in infants and young children in developing countries (the global enteric multicenter study, GEMS): a prospective, case-control study","volume":"382","author":"Kotloff","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B156","first-page":"405","article-title":"The effect of cotrimoxazole on experimental Cryptosporidium parvum infection in kids","volume":"28","author":"Koudela","year":"1997","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"B157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0b013e31826780f7","article-title":"Cryptosporidiosis in children following solid organ transplantation","volume":"31","author":"Krause","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J."},{"key":"B158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-7519(88)90175-0","article-title":"The role of the cytoskeletal protein, tubulin, in the mode of action and mechanism of drug resistance to benzimidazoles","volume":"18","author":"Lacey","year":"1988","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"B159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.159.20.672","article-title":"Field study of the efficacy of halofuginone and decoquinate in the treatment of cryptosporidiosis in veal calves","volume":"159","author":"Lallemand","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vet. Rec"},{"key":"B160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0000000000001503","article-title":"Cryptosporidium spp. infection in solid organ transplantation: The nationwide \"TRANSCRYPTO\" study","volume":"101","author":"Lanternier","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"B161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00147","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00147-18","article-title":"Therapeutic efficacy of bumped kinase inhibitor 1369 in a pig model of acute diarrhea caused by Cryptosporidium hominis","volume":"62","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"B162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiz105","article-title":"Piperazine-derivative MMV665917: An effective drug in the diarrheic piglet model of Cryptosporidium hominis","volume":"220","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0185906","article-title":"The therapeutic efficacy of azithromycin and nitazoxanide in the acute pig model of Cryptosporidium hominis","volume":"12","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.148.4.108","article-title":"Efficacy of halofuginone lactate in the prevention of cryptosporidiosis in suckling calves","volume":"148","author":"Lefay","year":"2001","journal-title":"Vet. Rec"},{"key":"B165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"858","DOI":"10.1038\/bmt.2010.200","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of digestive cryptosporidiosis in allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients: a prospective single centre study","volume":"46","author":"Legrand","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bone Marrow Transplant."},{"key":"B166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1395","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199811000-00026","article-title":"Decreased prevalence of intestinal cryptosporidiosis in HIV-infected patients concomitant to the widespread use of protease inhibitors","volume":"12","author":"Le Moing","year":"1998","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"B167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-014-4228-7","article-title":"A novel CDPK1 inhibitor\u2013a potential treatment for cryptosporidiosis in calves","volume":"114","author":"Lendner","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"B168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1080\/1120009x.1992.11739182","article-title":"Octreotide treatment in secretory and cyrptosporidial diarrhea in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS): clinical evaluation","volume":"4","author":"Liberti","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Chemother."},{"key":"B169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2020.08.006","article-title":"Novel acyl carbamates and acyl \/ diacyl ureas show in vitro efficacy against Toxoplasma gondii and Cryptosporidium parvum","volume":"14","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol. Drugs Drug Resist."},{"key":"B170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1007953","article-title":"Novel lactate dehydrogenase inhibitors with in vivo efficacy against Cryptosporidium parvum","volume":"15","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"PloS Pathog."},{"key":"B171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1550-7408.2000.tb00016.x","article-title":"Cryptosporidium andersoni n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Cryptosporiidae) from cattle, Bos taurus","volume":"47","author":"Lindsay","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Eukaryot Microbiol."},{"key":"B172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-biochem-062917-011942","article-title":"Ribosome-targeting antibiotics: Modes of action, mechanisms of resistance, and implications for drug design","volume":"87","author":"Lin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Biochem."},{"key":"B173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1097\/00042560-199509000-00007","article-title":"Treatment with letrazuril of refractory cryptosporidial diarrhea complicating AIDS","volume":"10","author":"Loeb","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. Hum. Retrovirol"},{"key":"B174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/0090-1229(87)90077-8","article-title":"Treatment of cryptosporidiosis with oral bovine transfer factor","volume":"44","author":"Louie","year":"1987","journal-title":"Clin. Immunol. Immunopathol."},{"key":"B175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005373","article-title":"A high-throughput phenotypic screen identifies clofazimine as a potential treatment for cryptosporidiosis","volume":"11","author":"Love","year":"2017","journal-title":"PloS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"B176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0000000000000761","article-title":"Emerging treatment options for cryptosporidiosis","volume":"34","author":"Love","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2816","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-10687-y","article-title":"Identification of a potent benzoxaborole drug candidate for treating cryptosporidiosis","volume":"10","author":"Lunde","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"B178","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199407213310304","article-title":"A massive outbreak in Milwaukee of cryptosporidium infection transmitted through the public water supply","volume":"331","author":"Mac Kenzie","year":"1994","journal-title":"N Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"B179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2006.04.032","article-title":"Cryptosporidium and Giardia in different age groups of Danish cattle and pigs\u2013occurrence and management associated risk factors","volume":"141","author":"Maddox-Hyttel","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"B180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1007\/s100960050461","article-title":"Effect of antiretroviral therapy on cryptosporidiosis and microsporidiosis in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1","volume":"19","author":"Maggi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.39.1.75","article-title":"Chemoprophylaxis of Cryptosporidium parvum infection with paromomycin in kids and immunological study","volume":"39","author":"Mancassola","year":"1995","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"B182","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/s0304-4017(96)01094-1","article-title":"Evaluation of decoquinate to treat experimental cryptosporidiosis in kids","volume":"69","author":"Mancassola","year":"1997","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"B183","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1038\/nature22337","article-title":"A Cryptosporidium PI(4)K inhibitor is a drug candidate for cryptosporidiosis","volume":"546","author":"Manjunatha","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B184","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1583","DOI":"10.1007\/s12639-015-0734-5","article-title":"Cryptosporidiosis in a buffalo calf at meerut, uttar pradesh and its successful therapeutic management","volume":"40","author":"Maurya","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Parasit Dis."},{"key":"B185","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1111\/pim.12020","article-title":"Innate immune responses against Cryptosporidium parvum infection","volume":"35","author":"McDonald","year":"2013","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol."},{"key":"B186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/161.1.108","article-title":"A controlled trial of bovine dialyzable leukocyte extract for cryptosporidiosis in patients with AIDS","volume":"161","author":"McMeeking","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B187","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1505","DOI":"10.4161\/hv.28485","article-title":"Prospects for immunotherapy and vaccines against Cryptosporidium","volume":"10","author":"Mead","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hum. Vaccin Immunother."},{"key":"B188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-005-0097-4","article-title":"Cryptosporidium parvum bovine genotype oocysts in the respiratory samples of an AIDS patient: efficacy of treatment with a combination of azithromycin and paromomycin","volume":"98","author":"Meamar","year":"2006","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"B189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2014.11.007","article-title":"Evaluation of a protocol to reduce the incidence of neonatal calf diarrhoea on dairy herds","volume":"118","author":"Meganck","year":"2015","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"B190","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1156","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(76)80331-9","article-title":"Overwhelming watery diarrhea associated with a cryptosporidium in an immunosuppressed patient","volume":"70","author":"Meisel","year":"1976","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"B191","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(03)00093-6","article-title":"Indinavir reduces Cryptosporidium parvum infection in both in vitro and in vivo models","volume":"33","author":"Mele","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"B192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2021.109615","article-title":"Use of a natural herbal-based feed additive containing isoquinoline alkaloids in newborn calves with cryptosporidiosis","volume":"300","author":"Mendonca","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"B193","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(91)80174-K","article-title":"Diclazuril for cryptosporidiosis in AIDS","volume":"90","author":"Menichetti","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"B194","first-page":"914","article-title":"Cryptosporidiosis in a calf","volume":"165","author":"Meuten","year":"1974","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"B195","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1097\/00042560-200010010-00006","article-title":"Eradication of cryptosporidia and microsporidia following successful antiretroviral therapy","volume":"25","author":"Miao","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr."},{"key":"B196","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199904160-00019","article-title":"Cryptosporidiosis: eradication or suppression with combination antiretroviral therapy","volume":"13","author":"Miao","year":"1999","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"B197","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-6405-10-7","article-title":"Prevalence of intestinal parasites and associated risk factors among HIV\/AIDS patients with pre-ART and on-ART attending dessie hospital ART clinic, northeast Ethiopia","volume":"10","author":"Missaye","year":"2013","journal-title":"AIDS Res. Ther."},{"key":"B198","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1086\/427948","article-title":"Glutamine supplementation for patients with severe cryptosporidiosis","volume":"40","author":"Moling","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B199","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1177\/030098588101800213","article-title":"Fecal transmission of calf cryptosporidia between calves and pigs","volume":"18","author":"Moon","year":"1981","journal-title":"Vet. Pathol."},{"key":"B200","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.110.8.181-a","article-title":"Attempted chemoprophylaxis of cryptosporidiosis in calves","volume":"110","author":"Moon","year":"1982","journal-title":"Vet. Rec"},{"key":"B201","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2003.223.839","article-title":"Prophylactic use of decoquinate for infections with Cryptosporidium parvum in experimentally challenged neonatal calves","volume":"223","author":"Moore","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"B202","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1159\/000201073","article-title":"Treatment of AIDS-related refractory diarrhoea octreotide","volume":"54","author":"Moroni","year":"1993","journal-title":"Digestion"},{"key":"B203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/22.supplement_b.189","article-title":"Spiramycin therapy for cryptosporidial diarrhoea in immunocompromised patients","author":"Moskovitz","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"B204","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.102508","article-title":"Administration of lasalocid-NA is preventive against cryptosporidiosis of newborn calves","volume":"175","author":"Murakoshi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet. Rec"},{"key":"B205","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199309000-00026","article-title":"Successful treatment of cryptosporidiosis in an AIDS patient with letrazuril","volume":"7","author":"Murdoch","year":"1993","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"B206","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-4017(94)90181-3","article-title":"Treatment of experimental ovine cryptosporidiosis with ovine or bovine hyperimmune colostrum","volume":"53","author":"Naciri","year":"1994","journal-title":"Veterinary Parasitol."},{"key":"B207","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-4017(93)90075-x","article-title":"The effect of halofuginone lactate on experimental Cryptosporidium parvum infections in calves","volume":"45","author":"Naciri","year":"1993","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"B208","first-page":"823","article-title":"Efficiency of halofuginone lactate in the treatment of experimental cryptosporidiosis in lambs","volume":"165","author":"Naciri","year":"1989","journal-title":"Recueil Medecine Veterinaire"},{"key":"B209","first-page":"465","article-title":"Cryptosporidiose exp\u00e9rimentale du chevreau. influence de la prise du colostrum. essais de traitements","author":"Naciri","year":"1984","journal-title":"Les maladies la ch\u00e8vre. INRA Publications Les colloques l\u2019INRA"},{"key":"B210","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1645\/12-42.1","article-title":"Treating Cryptosporidium parvum infection in calves","volume":"99","author":"Nasir","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Parasitol."},{"key":"B211","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S848","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiab434","article-title":"Pathogens associated with linear growth faltering in children with diarrhea and impact of antibiotic treatment: The global enteric multicenter study","volume":"224","author":"Nasrin","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B212","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2017.12.015","article-title":"Cryptosporidium outbreak in calves on a large dairy farm: Effect of treatment and the association with the inflammatory response and short-term weight gain","volume":"117","author":"Niine","year":"2018","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"B213","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1016\/s0016-5085(76)80503-3","article-title":"Acute enterocolitis in a human being infected with the protozoan Cryptosporidium","volume":"70","author":"Nime","year":"1976","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"B214","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/s0304-4017(01)00449-6","article-title":"Excretion of Cryptosporidium oocysts by goats in relation to age and season in the dry zone of Sri Lanka","volume":"99","author":"Noordeen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"B215","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199006000-00015","article-title":"Treatment with bovine hyperimmune colostrum of cryptosporidial diarrhea in AIDS patients","volume":"4","author":"Nord","year":"1990","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"B216","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-016-1337-1","article-title":"Intestinal parasitic infections in relation to CD4(+) T cell counts and diarrhea in HIV\/AIDS patients with or without antiretroviral therapy in Cameroon","volume":"16","author":"Nsagha","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B217","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e3283437e88","article-title":"Cryptosporidiosis in patients with HIV\/AIDS","volume":"25","author":"O'Connor R","year":"2011","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"B218","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11729","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jmedchem.1c01136","article-title":"Optimization of the urea linker of triazolopyridazine MMV665917 results in a new anticryptosporidial lead with improved potency and predicted hERG safety margin","volume":"64","author":"Oboh","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"B219","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1324","DOI":"10.1086\/516374","article-title":"Prophylactic effect of bovine anti-Cryptosporidium hyperimmune colostrum immunoglobulin in healthy volunteers challenged with Cryptosporidium parvum","volume":"26","author":"Okhuysen","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B220","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1643","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2008-1474","article-title":"Effect of nitazoxanide on cryptosporidiosis in experimentally infected neonatal dairy calves","volume":"92","author":"Ollivett","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"B221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1998.212.07.987","article-title":"Effects of an allicin-based product on cryptosporidiosis in neonatal calves","volume":"212","author":"Olson","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"B222","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1258\/0956462054308332","article-title":"Pulmonary cryptosporidiosis in an AIDS patient: successful treatment with paromomycin plus azithromycin","volume":"16","author":"Palmieri","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. STD AIDS"},{"key":"B223","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985871008005-00610","article-title":"Cryptosporidial infection in a calf","volume":"8","author":"Panciera","year":"1971","journal-title":"Veterinary Pathol."},{"key":"B224","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1586\/eri.09.24","article-title":"Treatment of cryptosporidiosis","volume":"7","author":"Pantenburg","year":"2009","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Anti Infect. Ther."},{"key":"B225","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smallrumres.2011.10.023","article-title":"Cryptosporidiosis in small ruminants","volume":"103","author":"Paraud","year":"2012","journal-title":"Small Rumin Res."},{"key":"B226","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2010.01.024","article-title":"Evaluation of oral tilmicosin efficacy against severe cryptosporidiosis in neonatal kids under field conditions","volume":"170","author":"Paraud","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"B227","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.03.022","article-title":"Control of cryptosporidiosis in neonatal goat kids: efficacy of a product containing activated charcoal and wood vinegar liquid (Obionekk) in field conditions","volume":"180","author":"Paraud","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"B228","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2005.05.062","article-title":"Recombinant bovine interleukin-12 stimulates a gut immune response but does not provide resistance to Cryptosporidium parvum infection in neonatal calves","volume":"135","author":"Pasquali","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"B229","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4440","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.61.10.4440-4445.1993","article-title":"Specific serum and local antibody responses against Cryptosporidium parvum during medication of calves with halofuginone lactate","volume":"61","author":"Peeters","year":"1993","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"B230","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2142","DOI":"10.1016\/s0264-410x(98)00477-0","article-title":"Protection of calves against cryptosporidiosis with immune bovine colostrum induced by a Cryptosporidium parvum recombinant protein","volume":"17","author":"Perryman","year":"1999","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"B231","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2014.02.027","article-title":"Efficacy of halofuginone lactate against experimental cryptosporidiosis in goat neonates","volume":"202","author":"Petermann","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"B232","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2015.09.020","article-title":"Cryptosporidium and Giardia in Danish organic pig farms: Seasonal and age-related variation in prevalence, infection intensity and species\/genotypes","volume":"214","author":"Petersen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"B233","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e564","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(15)00151-5","article-title":"Pathogen-specific burdens of community diarrhoea in developing countries: a multisite birth cohort study (MAL-ED)","volume":"3","author":"Platts-Mills","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"B234","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00210962","article-title":"A preparation from bovine colostrum in the treatment of HIV-positive patients with chronic diarrhea","volume":"71","author":"Plettenberg","year":"1993","journal-title":"Clin. Investig."},{"key":"B235","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7375","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2017-14270","article-title":"Health benefits of orally administered anti-IL-10 antibody in milk-fed dairy calves","volume":"101","author":"Raabis","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"B236","first-page":"157","article-title":"The effect of varying levels of DECCOX\u00ae on experimental cryptosporidia infections in Holstein bull calves","author":"Redman","year":"1993"},{"key":"B237","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-7091-1562-6_4","article-title":"Cryptosporidiosis in farmed animals","volume-title":"Cryptosporidium: parasite and disease","author":"Robertson","year":"2014"},{"key":"B238","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1495","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199112000-00012","article-title":"Efficacy of octreotide in the management of chronic diarrhoea in AIDS","volume":"5","author":"Romeu","year":"1991","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"B239","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2006.03033.x","article-title":"Nitazoxanide in the treatment of acquired immune deficiency syndrome-related cryptosporidiosis: results of the united states compassionate use program in 365 patients","volume":"24","author":"Rossignol","year":"2006","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"B240","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1086\/321008","article-title":"Treatment of diarrhea caused by Cryptosporidium parvum: a prospective randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of nitazoxanide","volume":"184","author":"Rossignol","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B241","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1016\/s0035-9203(98)90804-5","article-title":"A double-'blind' placebo-controlled study of nitazoxanide in the treatment of cryptosporidial diarrhoea in AIDS patients in Mexico","volume":"92","author":"Rossignol","year":"1998","journal-title":"Trans. R Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg"},{"key":"B242","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2005.12.020","article-title":"Effect of nitazoxanide in diarrhea and enteritis caused by cryptosporidium species","volume":"4","author":"Rossignol","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"B243","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.2147\/VMRR.S337698","article-title":"Evaluation of activated charcoal as an alternative to antimicrobials for the treatment of neonatal calf diarrhea","volume":"12","author":"Ross","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vet. Med. (Auckl)"},{"key":"B244","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.molbev.a003853","article-title":"Pyruvate : NADP+ oxidoreductase from the mitochondrion of Euglena gracilis and from the apicomplexan Cryptosporidium parvum: a biochemical relic linking pyruvate metabolism in mitochondriate and amitochondriate protists","volume":"18","author":"Rotte","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"B245","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00184800","article-title":"Treatment of diarrhoea in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients with immunoglobulins from bovine colostrum","volume":"70","author":"Rump","year":"1992","journal-title":"Clin. Investig."},{"key":"B246","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4992","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.71.9.4992-4997.2005","article-title":"Sheep may not be an important zoonotic reservoir for Cryptosporidium and Giardia parasites","volume":"71","author":"Ryan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"B247","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3307","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11113307","article-title":"An update on zoonotic Cryptosporidium species and genotypes in humans","volume":"11","author":"Ryan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anim. (Basel)"},{"key":"B248","first-page":"136","article-title":"Spiramycin vs. placebo for treatment of acute diarrhea caused by Cryptosporidium","volume":"8","author":"Saez-Llorens","year":"1989","journal-title":"Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J."},{"key":"B249","first-page":"203","article-title":"Cryptosporidiosis in newborn calves in Ankara region: clinical, haematological findings and treatment with lasalocid-NA","volume":"112","author":"Sahal","year":"2005","journal-title":"Dtsch Tierarztl Wochenschr"},{"key":"B250","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.1988.02150030086027","article-title":"Cryptosporidium, malnutrition, and chronic diarrhea in children","volume":"142","author":"Sallon","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am. J. Dis. Child"},{"key":"B251","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2019.11.005","article-title":"Cryptosporidium and Giardia in ruminants","volume":"36","author":"Santin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. North Am. Food Anim. Pract."},{"key":"B252","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1201\/9781420052275-18","article-title":"Livestock","volume-title":"Cryptosporidium and cryptosporidiosis","author":"Sant\u00edn","year":"2007"},{"key":"B253","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2007.01.010","article-title":"Prevalence and molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium and Giardia species and genotypes in sheep in Maryland","volume":"146","author":"Santin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"B254","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2008.04.018","article-title":"A longitudinal study of cryptosporidiosis in dairy cattle from birth to 2 years of age","volume":"155","author":"Santin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"B255","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2004.03.020","article-title":"Prevalence and age-related variation of Cryptosporidium species and genotypes in dairy calves","volume":"122","author":"Santin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"B256","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1349","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/170.5.1349","article-title":"Effectiveness of aminosidine (paromomycin) sulfate in chronic Cryptosporidium diarrhea in AIDS patients: an open, uncontrolled, prospective clinical trial","volume":"170","author":"Scaglia","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B257","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1856","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiw488","article-title":"Novel bumped kinase inhibitors are safe and effective therapeutics in the calf clinical model for cryptosporidiosis","volume":"214","author":"Schaefer","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B258","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"984","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.2001.22557","article-title":"Rapid increase of mucosal CD4 T cells followed by clearance of intestinal cryptosporidiosis in an AIDS patient receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy","volume":"120","author":"Schmidt","year":"2001","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"B259","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2008.10.094","article-title":"Prophylactic and therapeutic efficacy of nitazoxanide against Cryptosporidium parvum in experimentally challenged neonatal calves","volume":"160","author":"Schnyder","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"B260","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2020.03.002","article-title":"Long-term production effects of clinical cryptosporidiosis in neonatal calves","volume":"50","author":"Shaw","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"B261","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.69.4.451","article-title":"Bovine colostrum immunoglobulin concentrate for cryptosporidiosis in AIDS","volume":"69","author":"Shield","year":"1993","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child"},{"key":"B262","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0b013e328357e569","article-title":"Burden of disease from cryptosporidiosis","volume":"25","author":"Shirley","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B263","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1179\/136485911X12899838683160","article-title":"In a trial of the use of miltefosine to treat HIV-related cryptosporidiosis in Zambian adults, extreme metabolic disturbances contribute to high mortality","volume":"105","author":"Sinkala","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol."},{"key":"B264","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1080\/00480169.1996.35962","article-title":"Evaluation of colostrum and whey-derived gamma globulins for prevention of cryptosporidiosis in artificially infected neonatal calves","volume":"44","author":"Slacek","year":"1996","journal-title":"N Z Vet. J."},{"key":"B265","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"900","DOI":"10.1086\/515352","article-title":"Combination drug therapy for cryptosporidiosis in AIDS","volume":"178","author":"Smith","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B266","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-100-4-504","article-title":"Cryptosporidiosis in homosexual men","volume":"100","author":"Soave","year":"1984","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"B267","article-title":"Azithromycin therapy of AIDS-related cryptosporidial diarrhea: A multi-center, placebo-controlled, double-blind study (abstract 405)","author":"Soave","year":"1993"},{"key":"B268","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/41.suppl_2.85","article-title":"AIDS-related cryptosporidial diarrhoea: an open study with roxithromycin","author":"Sprinz","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"B269","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006183","article-title":"Clinical and microbiologic efficacy of the piperazine-based drug lead MMV665917 in the dairy calf cryptosporidiosis model","volume":"12","author":"Stebbins","year":"2018","journal-title":"PloS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"B270","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2020.114738","article-title":"The effect of probiotics, phytobiotics and their combination as feed additives in the diet of dairy calves on performance, rumen fermentation and blood metabolites during the preweaning period","volume":"272","author":"Stefa\u0144ska","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anim. Feed Sci. Technol."},{"key":"B271","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eaax7161","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aax7161","article-title":"Metal-captured inhibition of pre-mRNA processing activity by CPSF3 controls Cryptosporidium infection","volume":"11","author":"Swale","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"B272","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd3480","article-title":"How were new medicines discovered","volume":"10","author":"Swinney","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discovery"},{"key":"B273","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1959","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.42.8.1959","article-title":"Efficacy of nitazoxanide against Cryptosporidium parvum in cell culture and in animal models","volume":"42","author":"Theodos","year":"1998","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"B274","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-017-0447-0","article-title":"Bovine cryptosporidiosis: impact, host-parasite interaction and control strategies","volume":"48","author":"Thomson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"B275","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofab610","article-title":"Resolution of cryptosporidiosis in transplant recipients: Review of the literature and presentation of a renal transplant patient treated with nitazoxanide, azithromycin, and rifaximin","volume":"9","author":"Tomczak","year":"2022","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B276","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1093\/tropej\/49.2.128","article-title":"Eradication of Cryptosporidium in four children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia","volume":"49","author":"Trad","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Trop. Pediatr."},{"key":"B277","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(18)30362-1","article-title":"Estimates of the global, regional, and national morbidity, mortality, and aetiologies of diarrhoea in 195 countries: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2016","volume":"18","author":"Troeger","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B278","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.d1492","article-title":"Efficacy of halofuginone lactate in the prevention of cryptosporidiosis in dairy calves","volume":"168","author":"Trotz-Williams","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet. Rec"},{"key":"B279","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2007.05.003","article-title":"Calf-level risk factors for neonatal diarrhea and shedding of Cryptosporidium parvum in Ontario dairy calves","volume":"82","author":"Trotz-Williams","year":"2007","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"B280","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-230X-8-36","article-title":"Correlation between CD4 counts of HIV patients and enteric protozoan in different seasons - an experience of a tertiary care hospital in varanasi (India)","volume":"8","author":"Tuli","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMC Gastroenterol."},{"key":"B281","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-5-5","article-title":"A sporozoan found in the peptic glands of the common mouse","volume":"5","author":"Tyzzer","year":"1907","journal-title":"Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"B282","first-page":"483","article-title":"An extracellular coccidium, Cryptosporidium muris (Gen. et sp. nov.), of the gastric glands of the common mouse","author":"Tyzzer","year":"1910","journal-title":"J. Med. Res."},{"key":"B283","first-page":"394","article-title":"Cryptosporidium parvum (sp. nov.), a coccidium found in the small intestine of the common mouse","volume":"26","author":"Tyzzer","year":"1912","journal-title":"Arch. Protistenkd"},{"key":"B284","first-page":"579","article-title":"An outbreak of calf diarrhoea attributed to cryptosporidial infection","volume":"107","author":"Tzipori","year":"1980","journal-title":"Vet. Rec"},{"key":"B285","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1128\/cdli.1.4.450-463.1994","article-title":"Evaluation of an animal model system for cryptosporidiosis: therapeutic efficacy of paromomycin and hyperimmune bovine colostrum-immunoglobulin","volume":"1","author":"Tzipori","year":"1994","journal-title":"Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol."},{"key":"B286","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(87)90944-5","article-title":"Chronic cryptosporidial diarrhoea and hyperimmune cow colostrum","volume":"2","author":"Tzipori","year":"1987","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B287","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.112.6.116","article-title":"Experimental cryptosporidiosis in calves: clinical manifestations and pathological findings","volume":"112","author":"Tzipori","year":"1983","journal-title":"Vet. Rec"},{"key":"B288","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/41.suppl_2.93","article-title":"Roxithromycin treatment for diarrhoea caused by Cryptosporidium spp. in patients with AIDS","author":"Uip","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"B289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(90)90842-o","article-title":"Cessation of Cryptosporidium-associated diarrhea in an acquired immunodeficiency syndrome patient after treatment with hyperimmune bovine colostrum","volume":"98","author":"Ungar","year":"1990","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"B290","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9199","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2017-14060","article-title":"Preweaned heifer management on US dairy operations: Part III. factors associated with Cryptosporidium and Giardia in preweaned dairy heifer calves","volume":"101","author":"Urie","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"B291","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9168","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2017-14010","article-title":"Preweaned heifer management on US dairy operations: Part i. descriptive characteristics of preweaned heifer raising practices","volume":"101","author":"Urie","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"B292","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0b013e318235ab64","article-title":"Management of a Cryptosporidium hominis outbreak in a day-care center","volume":"31","author":"Vandenberg","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J."},{"key":"B293","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2020.109336","article-title":"One health therapeutics: Target-based drug development for cryptosporidiosis and other apicomplexa diseases","volume":"289","author":"Van Voorhis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"B294","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/s0022-3476(05)81562-8","article-title":"Azithromycin for treatment of severe Cryptosporidium diarrhea in two children with cancer","volume":"123","author":"Vargas","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"B295","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2019.04.008","article-title":"Long-term use of yeast fermentation products in comparison to halofuginone for the control of cryptosporidiosis in neonatal calves","volume":"269","author":"Velez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"B296","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/biology10010060","article-title":"Metabolic signatures of Cryptosporidium parvum-infected HCT-8 cells and impact of selected metabolic inhibitors on C. parvum infection under physioxia and hyperoxia","volume":"10","author":"Velez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biol. (Basel)"},{"key":"B297","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8663","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.7b00452","article-title":"Global Cryptosporidium loads from livestock manure","volume":"51","author":"Vermeulen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"B298","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-007-0744-z","article-title":"Efficacy of nitazoxanide against experimental cryptosporidiosis in goat neonates","volume":"102","author":"Viel","year":"2007","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"B299","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.35.2.283","article-title":"Efficacy of halofuginone lactate against Cryptosporidium parvum in calves","volume":"35","author":"Villacorta","year":"1991","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"B300","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eaba8412","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aba8412","article-title":"Bicyclic azetidines kill the diarrheal pathogen Cryptosporidium in mice by inhibiting parasite phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase","volume":"12","author":"Vinayak","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"B301","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14651","article-title":"Genetic modification of the diarrhoeal pathogen Cryptosporidium parvum","volume":"523","author":"Vinayak","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B302","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/s0304-4017(00)00241-7","article-title":"Field trial on the therapeutic efficacy of paromomycin on natural Cryptosporidium parvum infections in lambs","volume":"90","author":"Viu","year":"2000","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"B303","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/0001-3765201920180747","article-title":"Phytogenic as feed additive for suckling dairy calves' has a beneficial effect on animal health and performance","volume":"91","author":"Volpato","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anais Da Academia Bras. Cienc."},{"key":"B304","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1070","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/17.6.1070","article-title":"Use of paromomycin for the treatment of cryptosporidiosis in patients with AIDS","volume":"17","author":"Wallace","year":"1993","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B305","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-2952(76)90225-2","article-title":"Inhibition of the respiration of Eimeria tenella by quinolone coccidiostats","volume":"25","author":"Wang","year":"1976","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B306","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.08.018","article-title":"Widespread occurrence of Cryptosporidium infections in patients with HIV\/AIDS: Epidemiology, clinical feature, diagnosis, and therapy","volume":"187","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"B307","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-005-1428-1","article-title":"Cryptosporidium infection in livestock and first identification of Cryptosporidium parvum genotype in cattle feces in Taiwan","volume":"97","author":"Watanabe","year":"2005","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"B308","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1458","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2007-0406","article-title":"Feeding activated charcoal from bark containing wood vinegar liquid (Nekka-rich) is effective as treatment for cryptosporidiosis in calves","volume":"91","author":"Watarai","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"B309","first-page":"147S","article-title":"Intestinal injury associated with spiramycin therapy of Cryptosporidium infection in AIDS","volume":"38","author":"Weikel","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Protozool"},{"key":"B310","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5800","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2013-7136","article-title":"Short communication: effect of pomegranate-residue supplement on Cryptosporidium parvum oocyst shedding in neonatal calves","volume":"97","author":"Weyl-Feinstein","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"B311","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/170.2.419","article-title":"Paromomycin for cryptosporidiosis in AIDS: a prospective, double-blind trial","volume":"170","author":"White","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B312","unstructured":"Risk assessment of cryptosporidium in drinking water2009"},{"key":"B313","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2019.05.007","article-title":"A stem-Cell-Derived platform enables complete Cryptosporidium development In vitro and genetic tractability","volume":"26","author":"Wilke","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"B314","first-page":"351","article-title":"In vitro culture of cryptosporidium parvum using stem cell-derived intestinal epithelial monolayers","volume-title":"Methods in molecular biology","author":"Wilke","year":"2020"},{"key":"B315","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-5922.2010.00154.x","article-title":"Drug-induced hERG block and long QT syndrome","volume":"29","author":"Witchel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Ther."},{"key":"B316","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2017.05.002","article-title":"Targeted gene knockdown validates the essential role of lactate dehydrogenase in Cryptosporidium parvum","volume":"47","author":"Witola","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"B317","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/159.1.131","article-title":"Spiramycin is not effective in treating cryptosporidium diarrhea in infants: results of a double-blind randomized trial","volume":"159","author":"Wittenberg","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B318","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1097\/00004836-198712000-00005","article-title":"Treatment of cryptosporidiosis with spiramycin in AIDS. an \"N of 1\" trial","volume":"9","author":"Woolf","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Clin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"B319","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470753316.ch26","article-title":"Cryptosporidiosis and coccidiosis","volume-title":"Diseases of sheep","author":"Wright","year":"2007"},{"key":"B320","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.17.1.72-97.2004","article-title":"Cryptosporidium taxonomy: recent advances and implications for public health","volume":"17","author":"Xiao","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"B321","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2020.08.002","article-title":"Cryptosporidium - an update with an emphasis on foodborne and waterborne transmission","volume":"132","author":"Zahedi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"B322","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2018.01.005","article-title":"Morpholino-mediated in vivo silencing of Cryptosporidium parvum lactate dehydrogenase decreases oocyst shedding and infectivity","volume":"48","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"B323","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2005.02394.x","article-title":"Nitazoxanide for persistent diarrhoea in Zambian acquired immune deficiency syndrome patients: a randomized-controlled trial","volume":"21","author":"Zulu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"B324","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2036.2002.01182.x","article-title":"Albendazole chemotherapy for AIDS-related diarrhoea in Zambia\u2013clinical, parasitological and mucosal responses","volume":"16","author":"Zulu","year":"2002","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol. Ther."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1115522\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,12]],"date-time":"2024-10-12T16:42:49Z","timestamp":1728751369000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1115522\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,24]]},"references-count":324,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1115522"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1115522","relation":{},"ISSN":["2235-2988"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2235-2988","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,24]]},"article-number":"1115522"}}