{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T14:43:05Z","timestamp":1790088185998,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,28]],"date-time":"2023-02-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677542400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Nocardia seriolae<\/jats:italic>, an intracellular gram-positive pathogen, is prone to infecting immunocompromised and surface-damaged fish, causing serious losses to the aquaculture industry. Although a previous study has demonstrated that <jats:italic>N. seriolae<\/jats:italic> infects macrophages, the persistence of this bacterium in macrophages has not been well characterized. To address this gap, we used the macrophage cell line RAW264.7, to investigate the interactions between <jats:italic>N. seriolae<\/jats:italic> and macrophages and deciphered the intracellular survival mechanism of <jats:italic>N. seriolae.<\/jats:italic> Confocal and light microscopy revealed that <jats:italic>N. seriolae<\/jats:italic> entered macrophages 2 hours post-inoculation (hpi), were phagocytosed by macrophages at 4\u20138 hpi, and induced the formation of multinucleated macrophages by severe fusion at 12 hpi. Flow cytometry, evaluation of mitochondrial membrane potential, release of lactate dehydrogenase, and observation of the ultrastructure of macrophages revealed that apoptosis was induced in the early infection stage and inhibited in the middle and later periods of infection. Additionally, the expression of Bcl-2, Bax, Cyto-C, Caspase-3, Capase-8, and Caspase-9 was induced at 4 hpi, and then decreased at 6\u20138 hpi, illustrating that <jats:italic>N. seriolae<\/jats:italic> infection induces the activation of extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic pathways in macrophages, followed by the inhibition of apoptosis to survive inside the cells. Furthermore, <jats:italic>N. seriolae<\/jats:italic> inhibits the production of reactive oxygen species and releases large amounts of nitric oxide, which persists in macrophages during infection. The present study provides the first comprehensive insight into the intracellular behavior of <jats:italic>N. seriolae<\/jats:italic> and its apoptotic effect on macrophages and may be important for understanding the pathogenicity of fish nocardiosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1138422","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,6]],"date-time":"2023-03-06T16:57:20Z","timestamp":1678121840000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Intracellular behavior of Nocardia seriolae and its apoptotic effect on RAW264.7 macrophages"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Wenwen","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuting","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aiping","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fei","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ouqing","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yingtiao","family":"Lai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhibin","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2016.00030","article-title":"Establishment of chronic infection: Brucella stealth strategy","volume":"6","author":"Ahmed","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. 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