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Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Some parasitic diseases, such as malaria, require two hosts to complete their lifecycle: a human and an insect vector. Although most malaria research has focused on parasite development in the human host, the life cycle within the vector is critical for the propagation of the disease. The mosquito stage of the <jats:italic>Plasmodium<\/jats:italic> lifecycle represents a major demographic bottleneck, crucial for transmission blocking strategies. Furthermore, it is in the vector, where sexual recombination occurs generating \u201c<jats:italic>de novo<\/jats:italic>\u201d genetic diversity, which can favor the spread of drug resistance and hinder effective vaccine development. However, understanding of vector-parasite interactions is hampered by the lack of experimental systems that mimic the natural environment while allowing to control and standardize the complexity of the interactions. The breakthrough in stem cell technologies has provided new insights into human-pathogen interactions, but these advances have not been translated into insect models. Here, we review <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> systems that have been used so far to study malaria in the mosquito. We also highlight the relevance of single-cell technologies to progress understanding of these interactions with higher resolution and depth. Finally, we emphasize the necessity to develop robust and accessible <jats:italic>ex vivo<\/jats:italic> systems (tissues and organs) to enable investigation of the molecular mechanisms of parasite-vector interactions providing new targets for malaria control.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1146030","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,26]],"date-time":"2023-05-26T14:53:28Z","timestamp":1685112808000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Novel systems to study vector-pathogen interactions in malaria"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Marina","family":"Parres-Mercader","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alena","family":"Pance","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"G\u00f3mez-D\u00edaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-05406-5","article-title":"A spatiotemporally resolved single-cell atlas of the plasmodium liver stage","volume":"611","author":"Afriat","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2005.06.005","article-title":"Anopheles infection responses; laboratory models versus field malaria transmission systems","volume":"95","author":"Aguilar","year":"2005","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4012","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00645-07","article-title":"Induction of nitric oxide synthase and activation of signaling proteins in anopheles mosquitoes by the malaria pigment, hemozoin","volume":"75","author":"Akman-Anderson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Infect. 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