{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T14:55:41Z","timestamp":1793372141924,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,12]],"date-time":"2023-04-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1681257600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Microbiome is a keystone polymicrobial community that coexist with human body in a beneficial relationship. These microorganisms enable the human body to maintain homeostasis and take part in mechanisms of defense against infection and in the absorption of nutrients. Even though microbiome is involved in physiologic processes that are beneficial to host health, it may also cause serious detrimental issues. Additionally, it has been proven that bacteria can migrate to other human body compartments and colonize them even although significant structural differences with the area of origin exist. Such migrations have been clearly observed when the causes of genesis and progression of colorectal cancer (CRC) have been investigated. It has been demonstrated that the oral microbiome is capable of penetrating into the large intestine and cause impairments leading to dysbiosis and stimulation of cancerogenic processes. The main actors of such events seem to be oral pathogenic bacteria belonging to the red and orange complex (regarding classification of bacteria in the context of periodontal diseases), such as <jats:italic>Porphyromonas gingivalis<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Fusobacterium nucleatum<\/jats:italic> respectively, which are characterized by significant amount of cancerogenic virulence factors. Further examination of oral microbiome and its impact on CRC may be crucial on early detection of this disease and would allow its use as a precise non-invasive biomarker.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1159822","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,12]],"date-time":"2023-04-12T04:37:32Z","timestamp":1681274252000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Insights into oral microbiome and colorectal cancer \u2013 on the way of searching new perspectives"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Anna","family":"Kudra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Damian","family":"Muszy\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bartosz Kamil","family":"Sobocki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandro","family":"Atzeni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ludovico","family":"Carbone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karolina","family":"Ka\u017amierczak-Siedlecka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karol","family":"Po\u0142om","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leszek","family":"Kalinowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2016.12.012","article-title":"Ecology of the oral microbiome: beyond bacteria","volume":"25","author":"Baker","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.625229","article-title":"Dysbiosis of the human oral microbiome during the menstrual cycle and vulnerability to the external exposures of smoking and dietary sugar","volume":"11","author":"Bostanci","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Cell Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10266-021-00647-8","article-title":"Porphyromonas gingivalis outside the oral cavity","volume":"110","author":"Bregaint","year":"2022","journal-title":"Odontology"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1038\/521S1a","article-title":"Colorectal cancer","volume":"521","author":"Brody","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.2174\/1874210601711010312","article-title":"Insight into oral biofilm: Primary, secondary and residual caries and phyto-challenged solutions","volume":"11","author":"Chenicheri","year":"2017","journal-title":"Open Dent. J."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2018-317178","article-title":"Enteric fungal microbiota dysbiosis and ecological alterations in colorectal cancer","volume":"4","author":"Coker","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1104","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.02838-14","article-title":"Fap2 of fusobacterium nucleatum is a galactose-inhibitable adhesin involved in coaggregation, cell adhesion, and preterm birth","volume":"83","author":"Coppenhagen-Glazer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1177\/10454411010120030101","article-title":"Cysteine proteases of porphyromonas gingivalis","volume":"12","author":"Curtis","year":"2001","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Oral. Biol. Med."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0112373","article-title":"The same microbiota and a potentially discriminant metabolome in the saliva of omnivore, ovo-Lacto-Vegetarian and vegan individuals","volume":"9","author":"De Filippis","year":"2014","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1467","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)32319-0","article-title":"Colorectal cancer","volume":"394","author":"Dekker","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5002","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00542-10","article-title":"The human oral microbiome","volume":"192","author":"Dewhirst","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.109886","article-title":"Oral microbiota affects the efficacy and prognosis of radiotherapy for colorectal cancer in mouse models","volume":"37","author":"Dong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3402\/jom.v5i0.20265","article-title":"Porphyromonas gingivalis fimbriae","volume":"5","author":"Enersen","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Oral. Microbiol."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1111\/jop.13014","article-title":"The role of candida albicans candidalysin ECE1 gene in oral carcinogenesis","volume":"49","author":"Engku Nasrullah Satiman","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Oral. Pathol. Med."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1454","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2017-314814","article-title":"The oral microbiota in colorectal cancer is distinctive and predictive","volume":"67","author":"Flemer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-021-00795-x","article-title":"Fusobacterium nucleatum enhances the efficacy of PD-L1 blockade in colorectal cancer","volume":"6","author":"Gao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8727","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms9727","article-title":"Gut mucosal microbiome across stages of colorectal carcinogenesis","volume":"6","author":"Geicho","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000713","article-title":"Characterization of the oral fungal microbiome (Mycobiome) in healthy individuals","volume":"6","author":"Ghannoum","year":"2010","journal-title":"PloS Pathog."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.2217\/whe.11.37","article-title":"Can oral bacteria cause pregnancy complications","volume":"7","author":"Han","year":"2011","journal-title":"Womens Health (Lond)."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2014.11.013","article-title":"Fusobacterium nucleatum: a commensal-turned pathogen","volume":"23","author":"Han","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Microbiol."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2017.4777","article-title":"Association of oral microbiome with risk for incident head and neck squamous cell cancer","volume":"4","author":"Hayes","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2019.103575","article-title":"Characterization of oral candidiasis and the candida species profile in patients with oral mucosal diseases","volume":"134","author":"Hu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1518","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2020.1764309","article-title":"Therapeutic methods of gut microbiota modification in colorectal cancer management - fecal microbiota transplantation, prebiotics, probiotics, and synbiotics","volume":"11","author":"Ka\u017amierczak-Siedlecka","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1326","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2381","article-title":"Fungal gut microbiota dysbiosis and its role in colorectal, oral, and pancreatic carcinogenesis","volume":"12","author":"Ka\u017amierczak-Siedlecka","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20174146","article-title":"Oral bacteria and intestinal dysbiosis in colorectal cancer","volume":"20","author":"Koliarakis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2381","article-title":"Oral multispecies biofilm development and the key role of cell-cell distance","volume":"8","author":"Kolenbrander","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2018.04.028","article-title":"Association between bacteremia from specific microbes and subsequent diagnosis of colorectal cancer","volume":"155","author":"Kwong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.1068908","article-title":"Diurnal changes of the oral microbiome in patients with alcohol dependence","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Cell Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI8541","article-title":"Toll-like receptor 4 imparts ligand-specific recognition of bacterial lipopolysaccharide","volume":"105","author":"Lien","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/2010259","article-title":"Translational research in colorectal cancer: Current status and future perspectives of multimodal treatment approach","volume":"2019","author":"Marano","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Res. Pract."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18010197","article-title":"Colorectal carcinoma: A general overview and future perspectives in colorectal cancer","volume":"18","author":"M\u00e1rmol","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/1807-3107bor-2020.vol34.0113","article-title":"Oral candidiasis and denture stomatitis in diabetic patients: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"34","author":"Martorano-Fernandes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Braz. Oral. Res."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1079\/phn2003589","article-title":"Diet, nutrition and the prevention of dental diseases","volume":"7","author":"Moynihan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2020.584798","article-title":"Intracellular porphyromonas gingivalis promotes the proliferation of colorectal cancer cells via the MAPK\/ERK signaling pathway","volume":"10","author":"Mu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Cell Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/476068","article-title":"Porphyromonas gingivalis: major periodontopathic pathogen overview","volume":"2014","author":"Mysak","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Res."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1146","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.2100866","article-title":"Porphyromonas gingivalis gingipains induce cyclooxygenase-2 expression and prostaglandin E2 production via ERK1\/2-activated AP-1 (c-Jun\/c-Fos) and IKK\/NF-\u03baB p65 cascades","volume":"208","author":"Nakayama","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1159\/000452708","article-title":"Periodontal pathogens in the etiology of pancreatic cancer","volume":"3","author":"\u00d6\u011frendik","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gastrointest Tumors"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/20002297.2018.1563410","article-title":"Possible role of porphyromonas gingivalis in orodigestive cancers","volume":"11","author":"Olsen","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Oral. Microbiol."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2515","DOI":"10.2174\/0929867325666180601102333","article-title":"Promising alternative therapeutics for oral candidiasis","volume":"26","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Chem."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1079\/phn2001142","article-title":"Dietary effects on dental diseases","volume":"4","author":"Sheiham","year":"2001","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.giec.2021.12.008","article-title":"Risk factors for colorectal polyps and cancer","volume":"32","author":"Sninsky","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gastrointest Endosc Clin. N Am."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23020970","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms leading from periodontal disease to cancer","volume":"23","author":"Sobocki","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13124425","article-title":"Pancreatic cancer and gut microbiome-related aspects: A comprehensive review and dietary recommendations","volume":"13","author":"Sobocki","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0259850","article-title":"Impact of sleep on the microbiome of oral biofilms","volume":"16","author":"Sotozono","year":"2021","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21660","article-title":"Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries","volume":"71","author":"Sung","year":"2021","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11010164","article-title":"Colorectal cancer and nutrition","volume":"11","author":"Thanikachalam","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1007\/s00203-018-1505-3","article-title":"Insights into the human oral microbiome","volume":"200","author":"Verma","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch. Microbiol."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2745","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-20-3827","article-title":"Porphyromonas gingivalis promotes colorectal carcinoma by activating the hematopoietic NLRP3 inflammasome","volume":"81","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.21037\/atm-20-8168","article-title":"A clinical nomogram incorporating salivary desulfovibrio desulfuricans level and oral hygiene index for predicting colorectal cancer","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Transl. Med."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8020308","article-title":"The human oral microbiome in health and disease: From sequences to ecosystems","volume":"8","author":"Willis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.apcsb.2019.12.001","article-title":"Roles of porphyromonas gingivalis and its virulence factors in periodontitis","volume":"120","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Protein Chem. Struct. Biol."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6373","DOI":"10.3892\/ol.2017.7001","article-title":"Fusobacterium nucleatum in gastroenterological cancer: Evaluation of measurement methods using quantitative polymerase chain reaction and a literature review","volume":"14","author":"Yamamura","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncol. Lett."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2381","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.31941","article-title":"Prospective study of oral microbiome and colorectal cancer risk in low-income and African American populations","volume":"144","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23719","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-03083-4","article-title":"A prospective interventional trial on the effect of periodontal treatment on fusobacterium nucleatum abundance in patients with colorectal tumours","volume":"11","author":"Yoshihara","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tranon.2021.101174","article-title":"Global colorectal cancer burden in 2020 and projections to 2040","volume":"14","author":"Yue","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transl. Oncol."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1218","DOI":"10.1038\/ismej.2016.199","article-title":"On the ecosystemic network of saliva in healthy young adults","volume":"11","author":"Zaura","year":"2017","journal-title":"ISM J."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2014.00085","article-title":"Acquiring and maintaining a normal oral microbiome: current perspective","volume":"4","author":"Zaura","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Cell Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11595","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.49515","article-title":"Human oral microbiome dysbiosis as a novel non-invasive biomarker in detection of colorectal cancer","volume":"10","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4945","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.55209","article-title":"Candida albicans disorder is associated with gastric carcinogenesis","volume":"11","author":"Zhong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.12998\/wjcc.v7.i7.819","article-title":"Porphyromonas gingivalis and digestive system cancers","volume":"7","author":"Zhou","year":"2019","journal-title":"World J. Clin. cases"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1159822\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,12]],"date-time":"2023-04-12T04:37:35Z","timestamp":1681274255000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1159822\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,12]]},"references-count":60,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1159822"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1159822","relation":{},"ISSN":["2235-2988"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2235-2988","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,12]]},"article-number":"1159822"}}