{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T15:50:01Z","timestamp":1753890601941,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,24]],"date-time":"2023-05-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1684886400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["91949121"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["91949121"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Early and accurate diagnosis of infection-induced osteomyelitis, which often involves increased PD-L1 expression, is crucial for better treatment outcomes. Radiolabeled anti-PD-L1 nuclear imaging allows for sensitive and non-invasive whole-body assessments of PD-L1 expression. This study aimed to compare the efficacy of <jats:sup>18<\/jats:sup>F-FDG and an <jats:sup>18<\/jats:sup>F-labeled PD-L1-binding peptide probe (<jats:sup>18<\/jats:sup>F-PD-L1P) in PET imaging of implant-associated Staphylococcus aureus osteomyelitis (IAOM).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>In this study, we synthesized an anti-PD-L1 probe and compared its efficacy with <jats:sup>18<\/jats:sup>F-FDG and <jats:sup>18<\/jats:sup>F-PD-L1P in PET imaging of implant-associated Staphylococcus aureus osteomyelitis (IAOM). The %ID\/g ratios (i.e., radioactivity ratios between the infected and non-infected sides) of both probes were evaluated for sensitivity and accuracy in post-infected 7-day tibias and post-infected 21 days, and the intensity of <jats:sup>18<\/jats:sup>F-PD-L1P uptake was compared with pathological changes measured by PD-L1 immunohistochemistry (IHC).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Compared with <jats:sup>18<\/jats:sup>F-FDG, <jats:sup>18<\/jats:sup>F-PDL1P demonstrated higher %ID\/g ratios for both post-infected 7-day tibias (P=0.001) and post-infected 21 days (P=0.028). The intensity of <jats:sup>18<\/jats:sup>F-PD-L1P uptake reflected the pathological changes of osteomyelitic bones. In comparison to <jats:sup>18<\/jats:sup>F-FDG, <jats:sup>18<\/jats:sup>F-PDL1P provides earlier and more sensitive detection of osteomyelitis caused by S. aureus.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our findings suggest that the <jats:sup>18<\/jats:sup>F-PDL1P probe is a promising tool for the early and accurate detection of osteomyelitis caused by S. aureus.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1182480","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,24]],"date-time":"2023-05-24T06:10:08Z","timestamp":1684908608000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["A comparative 18F-FDG and an anti-PD-L1 probe PET\/CT imaging of implant-associated Staphylococcus aureus osteomyelitis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Shu-Qi","family":"Ren","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuan","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Li-Lan","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kong-Zhen","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hao-Ran","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bin","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gang-Hua","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1852","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-018-0255-8","article-title":"(89)Zr-atezolizumab imaging as a non-invasive approach to assess clinical response to PD-L1 blockade in cancer","volume":"24","author":"Bensch","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. 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