{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T12:04:54Z","timestamp":1777896294715,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,1]],"date-time":"2023-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1688169600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>The clinical practicability of DNA microarray chip in detecting the presence of mycobacterial species\/isolates directly in the skin tissues has not been evaluated, nor the efficacy of DNA microarray chip as a novel diagnostic tool for the early diagnosis of cutaneous mycobacterial infections is known.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The present study analyzed the incidence of cutaneous mycobacterial infections in Shanghai and explored the efficacy of a novel DNA microarray chip assay for the clinical diagnosis of the disease from skin tissue specimens compared to traditional detection methods. A total of 60 participants fulfilling the defined diagnostic criteria and confirmed positive for cutaneous mycobacterial infections from 2019 to 2021 were enrolled in the study. Subsequent to recording the participants\u2019 medical history and clinical characteristics, the skin tissue specimens were collected for analyses. The specimens underwent histopathological analyses, skin tissue culture, and DNA microarray chip assay.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Increased incidence of cutaneous mycobacterial infection was detected from 2019 to 2021. The most common infecting pathogen was <jats:italic>M. marinum<\/jats:italic> followed by <jats:italic>M. abscessus<\/jats:italic>. The sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of the skin tissue culture method were 70%, 100% and 76.62%, respectively, while that of the DNA microarray chip assay were 91.67%, 100% and 93.51%, respectively. The sensitivity and accuracy of the DNA microarray chip assay were significantly higher than those of the skin tissue culture method. The positive likelihood and diagnostic odds ratio were &amp;gt;10 and &amp;gt;1, respectively for both the methods. The negative likelihood ratio was significantly higher (30% vs 8.33%) and the Youden\u2019s index was significantly lower (70.00% vs 91.67%) in the skin culture method compared to that of the DNA microarray chip assay. There was a significant association of false negative results with a history of antibiotic use in the skin tissue culture method.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Given the increasing incidence of cutaneous mycobacterial infections, early diagnosis remains a prime clinical focus. The DNA microarray chip assay provides a simple, rapid, high-throughput, and reliable method for the diagnosis of cutaneous mycobacterial infections with potential for clinical application.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1183078","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,1]],"date-time":"2023-07-01T04:11:43Z","timestamp":1688184703000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["DNA microarray chip assay in new use: early diagnostic value in cutaneous mycobacterial infection"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Qian","family":"Yu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuanyuan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhiqin","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hong","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Siyu","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jingwen","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lianjuan","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4632.2009.03807.x","article-title":"Polymerase chain reaction compared to other laboratory findings and to clinical evaluation in the diagnosis of cutaneous tuberculosis and atypical mycobacteria skin infection","volume":"48","author":"Abdalla","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2005.06519.x","article-title":"Clinical patterns of cutaneous nontuberculous mycobacterial infections","volume":"152","author":"Bartralot","year":"2005","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1090","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2009.03045.x","article-title":"Rapid diagnosis of tuberculosis directly from clinical specimens using a gene chip","volume":"16","author":"Chang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1007\/s40257-018-0382-5","article-title":"Cutaneous infections due to nontuberculosis mycobacterium: recognition and management","volume":"19","author":"Chung","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Dermatol."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1111\/ced.12900","article-title":"Cutaneous mycobacterium abscessus infection following hair transplant","volume":"41","author":"Eustace","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00069","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00069-18","article-title":"Cutaneous mycobacterial infections","volume":"32","author":"Franco-Paredes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1159\/000524209","article-title":"Simultaneous detection of mycobacterium tuberculosis and atypical mycobacterium by DNA- microarray in Egypt","volume":"31","author":"Gaballah","year":"2022","journal-title":"Med. Princ. Pact."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0000000000000820","article-title":"Mycobacterial skin infection","volume":"35","author":"Gardini","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1S","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.1996.tb04827.x","article-title":"The biology of the genus mycobacterium","volume":"25","author":"Grange","year":"1996","journal-title":"Soc Appl. Bacteriol. Symp. Ser."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1529-8019.2008.00186.x","article-title":"Management of cutaneous tuberculosis","volume":"21","author":"Handog","year":"2008","journal-title":"Dermatol. Ther."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00055-15","article-title":"Methodological and clinical aspects of the molecular epidemiology of mycobacterium tuberculosis and other mycobacteria","volume":"29","author":"Jagielski","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmoldx.2015.04.005","article-title":"Clinical usefulness of PCR for differential diagnosis of tuberculosis and nontuberculous mycobacterial infection in paraffin-embedded lung tissues","volume":"17","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Mol. Diagn."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1136\/jclinpath-2017-204945","article-title":"Paradigm for diagnosing mycobacterial disease: direct detection and differentiation of mycobacterium tuberculosis complex and non-tuberculous mycobacteria in clinical specimens using multiplex real-time PCR","volume":"71","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.942073","article-title":"Application of metagenomic next-generation sequencing in cutaneous tuberculosis","volume":"12","author":"Kong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1111\/ddg.13925","article-title":"Diagnosis of mycobacterial skin infections","volume":"17","author":"Kromer","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Dtsch. Dermatol. Ges."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.2340\/00015555-3283","article-title":"Cutaneous tuberculosis and nontuberculous mycobacterial infections at a national specialized hospital in China","volume":"99","author":"Mei","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Derm. Venereol."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0560.2012.01903.x","article-title":"Histopathological spectrum of cutaneous tuberculosis and non-tuberculous mycobacterial infections","volume":"39","author":"Min","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Cutan. Pathol."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.1111\/ddg.13001","article-title":"Bug or no bug: challenges in diagnosing cutaneous mycobacterial infections","volume":"14","author":"Peters","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Dtsch. Dermatol. Ges."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.4103\/ijmy.ijmy_141_21","article-title":"Nontuberculous mycobacterium: an emerging pathogen: Indian perspective","volume":"10","author":"Rajendran","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Mycobacteriol."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1904","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001904","article-title":"Development of a temperature-switch PCR-based SNP typing method for mycobacterium ulcerans","volume":"6","author":"R\u00f6ltgen","year":"2012","journal-title":"PloS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eimc.2017.11.009","article-title":"Microbiological diagnosis of infections caused by the genus mycobacterium","volume":"36","author":"Samper","year":"2018","journal-title":"Enferm. Infecc. Microbiol. Clin. (Engl. Ed)."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.06.042","article-title":"CapitalBio mycobacterium real-time polymerase chain reaction detection test: rapid diagnosis of mycobacterium tuberculosis and nontuberculous mycobacterial infection","volume":"98","author":"Shen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B23","first-page":"3292","article-title":"Gene chip array for differentiation of mycobacterial species and detection of drug resistance","volume":"125","author":"Shi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chin. Med. J. (Engl.)"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1342","DOI":"10.1111\/imj.12209","article-title":"Mycobacterium mimicking metastatic melanoma","volume":"43","author":"Teh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Intern. Med. J."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2005.10.016","article-title":"Rapid detection and species identification of mycobacterium spp. using real-time PCR and DNA-microarray","volume":"66","author":"Tobler","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Methods"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-020-01517-1","article-title":"A case report of cutaneous leishmaniasis: a misleading clinical presentation","volume":"49","author":"Vanlier","year":"2021","journal-title":"Infection"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-0716-1460-0_1","article-title":"Culturing mycobacteria","volume":"2314","author":"Wallace","year":"2021","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11908-014-0438-5","article-title":"Mycobacterial skin and soft tissue infection","volume":"16","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Infect. Dis. Rep."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2012.06.029","article-title":"Increased incidence of cutaneous nontuberculous mycobacterial infection 1980 to 2009: a population-based study","volume":"88","author":"Wentworth","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mayo Clin. Proc."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1016\/s0732-8893(03)00133-0","article-title":"Routine use of a simple low-cost genotypic assay for the identification of mycobacteria in a high throughput laboratory","volume":"47","author":"Wong","year":"2003","journal-title":"Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1097\/SAP.0000000000000837","article-title":"Mycobacterium abscessus infection after facial injection with autologous fat: a case report","volume":"78","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Plast. Surg."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1111\/ijd.14356","article-title":"Epidemiology, risk factors, and outcomes of adult cutaneous non-tuberculous mycobacterial infection over a 10-year period in Singapore","volume":"58","author":"Yeo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"B33","first-page":"153","article-title":"Characterization of pncA mutations of pyrazinamide-resistant mycobacterium tuberculosis in Turkey","volume":"32","author":"Y\u00fcksel","year":"2009","journal-title":"New Microbiol."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3654","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00158-10","article-title":"Biochip system for rapid and accurate identification of mycobacterial species from isolates and sputum","volume":"48","author":"Zhu","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1183078\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,1]],"date-time":"2023-07-01T04:11:50Z","timestamp":1688184710000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1183078\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,1]]},"references-count":34,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1183078"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1183078","relation":{},"ISSN":["2235-2988"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2235-2988","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,1]]},"article-number":"1183078"}}