{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T02:06:55Z","timestamp":1791857215106,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":98,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,2]],"date-time":"2023-05-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682985600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Acute septic arthritis is on the rise among all patients. Acute septic arthritis must be extensively assessed, identified, and treated to prevent fatal consequences. Antimicrobial therapy administered intravenously has long been considered the gold standard for treating acute osteoarticular infections. According to clinical research, parenteral antibiotics for a few days, followed by oral antibiotics, are safe and effective for treating infections without complications. This article focuses on bringing physicians up-to-date on the most recent findings and discussions about the epidemiology, etiology, diagnosis, and treatment of acute septic arthritis. In recent years, the emergence of antibiotic-resistant, particularly aggressive bacterial species has highlighted the need for more research to enhance treatment approaches and develop innovative diagnosis methods and drugs that might combat better in all patients. This article aims to furnish radiologists, orthopaedic surgeons, and other medical practitioners with contemporary insights on the subject matter and foster collaborative efforts to improve patient outcomes. This review represents the initial comprehensive update encompassing patients across all age groups.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1193645","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,2]],"date-time":"2023-05-02T05:12:31Z","timestamp":1683004351000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":99,"title":["An update on recent progress of the epidemiology, etiology, diagnosis, and treatment of acute septic arthritis: a review"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Miao","family":"He","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Djandan Tadum","family":"Arthur Vithran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linyuan","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haijin","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guang","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bangbao","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fangjie","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(19)30419-0","article-title":"Mortality and adverse joint outcomes following septic arthritis of the native knee: a longitudinal cohort study of patients receiving arthroscopic washout","volume":"20","author":"Abram","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-200X.2008.02791.x","article-title":"Acute septic arthritis in children","volume":"51","author":"Al Saadi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pediatr. Int."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-006-0224-5","article-title":"Results of treatment of septic knee arthritis: a retrospective series of 40 cases","volume":"15","author":"Balabaud","year":"2007","journal-title":"Knee Surg. Sports Traumatol Arthrosc"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1007\/s11739-019-02244-8","article-title":"Trends in antimicrobial resistance among bacteria causing septic arthritis in adults in a single center: A 15-years retrospective analysis","volume":"15","author":"Ben-Chetrit","year":"2020","journal-title":"Internal Emergency Med."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11908-019-0678-5","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of infectious arthritis in children","volume":"21","author":"Ben-Zvi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Infect. Dis. Rep."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1915","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2017.04.001","article-title":"Surgical treatment of shoulder infections: a comparison between arthroscopy and Arthrotomy","volume":"26","author":"B\u00f6hler","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Shoulder Elbow Surg."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1984","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arthro.2019.02.036","article-title":"Surgical treatment of septic shoulders: A comparison between arthrotomy and arthroscopy","volume":"35","author":"Bovonratwet","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arthroscopy-the J. Arthroscopic Related Surg."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1097\/BPB.0b013e3283387d2d","article-title":"Elbow septic arthritis in children: clinical presentation and management","volume":"19","author":"Bowakim","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Orthopaedics-Part B"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-010-1672-3","article-title":"What are we doing about septic arthritis? a survey of UK-based rheumatologists and orthopedic surgeons","volume":"30","author":"Butt","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Rheumatol"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1358","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arthro.2014.12.028","article-title":"Efficacy of hip arthroscopy for the management of septic arthritis: A systematic review","volume":"31","author":"Cargnelli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arthroscopy-the J. Arthroscopic Related Surg."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17060855","article-title":"Update on the management of pediatric acute osteomyelitis and septic arthritis","volume":"17","author":"Castellazzi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.20.22773","article-title":"Septic arthritis: an evidence-based review of diagnosis and image-guided aspiration","volume":"215","author":"Chan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Roentgenology"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1168","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkr047","article-title":"Adult native septic arthritis: a review of 10 years of experience and lessons for empirical antibiotic therapy","volume":"66","author":"Clerc","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Antimicrobial Chemotherapy"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pedneo.2020.02.006","article-title":"Septic arthritis in children: updated epidemiologic, microbiologic, clinical and therapeutic correlations","volume":"61","author":"Cohen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatr. Neonatol."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1985","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-019-04492-7","article-title":"Broad-range 16 s rDNA PCR in synovial fluid does not improve the diagnostic performance of septic arthritis in native joints in adults: cross-sectional single-center study in 95 patients","volume":"38","author":"Coiffier","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Rheumatol"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbspin.2020.07.012","article-title":"French recommendations on the management of septic arthritis in an adult native joint","volume":"87","author":"Couderc","year":"2020","journal-title":"Joint Bone Spine"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.103B3.BJJ-2020-0936.R2","article-title":"Osteoarticular infection in children an update on the epidemiological, clinical, and biological features of kingella kingae","author":"Coulin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bone Joint J."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1097\/00124743-200204000-00001","article-title":"Wise, Another look at synovial fluid leukocytosis and infection","volume":"8","author":"Coutlakis","year":"2002","journal-title":"Jcr-Journal Clin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.3928\/01477447-20151222-05","article-title":"Surgical procedures needed to eradicate infection in knee septic arthritis","volume":"39","author":"Dave","year":"2016","journal-title":"Orthopedics"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e674","DOI":"10.3928\/01477447-20160419-01","article-title":"Adult native septic arthritis in an inner city hospital: effects on length of stay","volume":"39","author":"Daynes","year":"2016","journal-title":"Orthopedics"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD012125.pub2","article-title":"Corticosteroids for septic arthritis in children","volume":"11","author":"Delgado-Noguera","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Systematic Rev."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.5312\/wjo.v13.i2.122","article-title":"Developments in diagnosis and treatment of paediatric septic arthritis","volume":"13","author":"Donders","year":"2022","journal-title":"World J. Orthop."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbspin.2014.05.001","article-title":"Three-decade trends in the distribution of organisms causing septic arthritis in native joints: Single-center study of 374 cases","volume":"81","author":"Dubost","year":"2014","journal-title":"Joint Bone Spine"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.5435\/JAAOS-D-20-00835","article-title":"Current concepts in pediatric septic arthritis","volume":"29","author":"Erkilinc","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Orthop Surg."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.103B1.BJJ-2020-0771.R2","article-title":"Optimizing culture methods according to preoperative mNGS results can improve joint infection diagnosis","author":"Fang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bone Joint J."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1097\/BPO.0b013e31817bb079","article-title":"Sequelae of septic arthritis of the hip in children: a new classification and a review of 41 hips","volume":"28","author":"Forlin","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Orthop."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1097\/BPO.0b013e318186eb4b","article-title":"The impact of the current epidemiology of pediatric musculoskeletal infection on evaluation and treatment guidelines","volume":"28","author":"Gafur","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Orthop."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2007.077131","article-title":"Septic arthritis in Iceland 1990\u20132002: increasing incidence due to iatrogenic infections","volume":"67","author":"Geirsson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum Dis."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1114","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2019-215116","article-title":"Two weeks versus four weeks of antibiotic therapy after surgical drainage for native joint bacterial arthritis: a prospective, randomised, non-inferiority trial","volume":"78","author":"Gjika","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Rheumatic Dis."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1097\/PEC.0000000000001874","article-title":"Current approach to the evaluation and management of septic arthritis","volume":"35","author":"Gottlieb","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pediatr. Emergency Care"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1089\/sur.2019.245","article-title":"Septic arthritis of native shoulder and knee joint: What are the differences in bacterial spectrum, treatment, and outcome","volume":"21","author":"Gramlich","year":"2020","journal-title":"Surg. Infections"},{"key":"B32","first-page":"319","article-title":"Clinical metagenomic next-generation sequencing for pathogen detection","volume-title":"Annu. Rev. Pathol","author":"Gu","year":"2019"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/40.1.24","article-title":"A prospective 2 year study of 75 patients with adultonset septic arthritis","volume":"40","author":"Gupta","year":"2001","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2020.11.048","article-title":"Evaluation for septic arthritis of the native adult knee is aided by multivariable assessment","volume":"46","author":"Holzmeister","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Emergency Med."},{"key":"B35","first-page":"653","article-title":"Approach to septic arthritis","volume":"84","author":"Horowitz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. Fam Physician."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2020.00471","article-title":"Pathogenic detection by metagenomic next-generation sequencing in osteoarticular infections","volume":"10","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.N.00593","article-title":"Risk factors for failure of a single surgical debridement in adults with acute septic arthritis","author":"Hunter","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Bone Joint Surg."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otsr.2014.07.029","article-title":"Sequelae of pediatric osteoarticular infection","volume":"101","author":"Ilharreborde","year":"2015","journal-title":"Orthop Traumatol Surg. Res."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0037-1598079","article-title":"Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Infection Is a Risk Factor for Unplanned Return to the Operating Room in the Surgical Treatment of a Septic Knee","volume":"30","author":"Jaffe","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Knee Surg."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E175","DOI":"10.5435\/JAAOS-D-16-00103","article-title":"Septic arthritis of the shoulder: A comparison of treatment methods","volume":"25","author":"Jiang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Orthopaedic Surgeons"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.16.00110","article-title":"Open compared with arthroscopic treatment of acute septic arthritis of the native knee","volume":"99","author":"Johns","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Bone Joint Surg."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2019.07.014","article-title":"Risk factors for failure of eradicating infection in a single arthroscopic surgical procedure for septic arthritis of the adult native shoulder with a focus on the volume of irrigation","volume":"29","author":"Joo","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Shoulder Elbow Surg."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00264-017-3565-4","article-title":"Septic arthritis associated with systemic sepsis","volume":"42","author":"Jung","year":"2018","journal-title":"International Orthopaedics"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1819","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780381215","article-title":"Risk factors for septic arthritis in patients with joint disease","volume":"38","author":"Kaandorp","year":"1995","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1097\/BPB.0000000000000671","article-title":"Differential MRI findings of transient synovitis of the hip in children when septic arthritis is suspected according to symptom duration","volume":"29","author":"Kang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Orthopaedics-Part B"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.182.1.1820119","article-title":"MRI findings of septic arthritis and associated osteomyelitis in adults","volume":"182","author":"Karchevsky","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Roentgenology"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2392","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.150434","article-title":"Native joint septic arthritis: epidemiology, clinical features, and microbiological causes in a new zealand population","volume":"42","author":"Kennedy","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arthro.2019.10.008","article-title":"Arthroscopy Versus Open Arthrotomy for Treatment of Native Hip Septic Arthritis: An Analysis of 30-Day Complications","volume":"36","author":"Khazi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arthroscopy-the J. Arthroscopic Related Surg."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1136\/emermed-2020-209842","article-title":"Utility of bedside leucocyte esterase testing to rule out septic arthritis","volume":"38","author":"Knapper","year":"2021","journal-title":"Emergency Med. J."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"994","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-200306000-00002","article-title":"A clinical practice guideline for treatment of septic arthritis in children: efficacy in improving process of care and effect on outcome of septic arthritis of the hip","volume":"85","author":"Kocher","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Bone Joint Surg."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-199003000-00029","article-title":"Pyarthrosis of the knee. treatment considerations","volume":"252","author":"Lane","year":"1990","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop Relat. Res."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2018.02.015","article-title":"Native septic arthritis is not an immediate surgical emergency","volume":"77","author":"Lauper","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Infect."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-012-2283-0","article-title":"Arthroscopic treatment for acute septic arthritis of the hip joint in adults","volume":"22","author":"Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Knee Surg. Sports Traumatology Arthroscopy"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-012-2283-0","article-title":"Evaluation and management of septic arthritis and its mimics in the emergency department","volume":"20","author":"Long","year":"2019","journal-title":"Western J. Emergency Med."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-019-01301-w","article-title":"Septic arthritis due to streptococci and enterococci in native joints: a 13 year retrospective study","volume":"47","author":"Lotz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Infection"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1177\/230949901502300119","article-title":"Preoperative antibiotics for septic arthritis in children: delay in diagnosis","volume":"23","author":"MacLean","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Orthopaedic Surg."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1961","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-014-2844-3","article-title":"Predictors of treatment failure and mortality in native septic arthritis","volume":"34","author":"Maneiro","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1478","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.297.13.1478","article-title":"Does this adult patient have septic arthritis","volume":"297","author":"Margaretten","year":"2007","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)61595-6","article-title":"Bacterial septic arthritis in adults","volume":"375","author":"Mathews","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz265","article-title":"Epidemiology, management, and outcomes of large and small native joint septic arthritis in adults","volume":"70","author":"McBride","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arth.2016.05.065","article-title":"Determining false positive rates of leukocyte esterase reagent strip when used as a detection tool for joint infection","volume":"32","author":"McNabb","year":"2017","journal-title":"The Journal of Arthroplasty"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arthro.2017.07.038","article-title":"Arthroscopic management, and outcomes of large and small native joint septic arthritis in adults","volume":"34","author":"Memon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arthroscopy-the J. Arthroscopic Related Surg."},{"key":"B63","volume-title":"Septic arthritis StatPearls","author":"Momodu","year":"2022"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1289","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.14.12891","article-title":"Septic arthritis in children: Frequency of coexisting unsuspected osteomyelitis and implications on imaging work-up and management","volume":"204","author":"Monsalve","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Roentgenology"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2016.12.008","article-title":"Pediatric septic arthritis","volume":"48","author":"Montgomery","year":"2017","journal-title":"Orthop Clin. North Am."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1097\/MOP.0000000000000703","article-title":"Septic arthritis of the pediatric hip: update on diagnosis and treatment","volume":"31","author":"Mooney","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Pediatr."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268800059070","article-title":"An 18 year clinical review of septic arthritis from tropical Australia","volume":"117","author":"Morgan","year":"1996","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.recot.2017.02.002","article-title":"Clinical presentation and treatment of septic arthritis in children","volume":"61","author":"Moro-Lago","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rev. espanola cirugia ortopedica y traumatologia"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1080\/08035250410023278","article-title":"Bacterial aetiology of acute osteoarticular infections in children","volume":"94","author":"Moumile","year":"2005","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1007\/s40744-021-00307-x","article-title":"Septic arthritis in children: a longitudinal population-based study in Western Australia","volume":"8","author":"Nossent","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rheumatol Ther."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1557","DOI":"10.1097\/01.blo.0000534682.68856.d8","article-title":"Increased Mortality and Reoperation Rates After Treatment for Septic Arthritis of the Knee in People Who Inject Drugs: Nationwide Inpatient Sample, 2000-2013","volume":"476","author":"Oh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Orthopaedics Related Res."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jor.2017.06.004","article-title":"Nationwide survey of pediatric septic arthritis in the united states","volume":"14","author":"Okubo","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Orthop."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.2147\/PHMT.S115429","article-title":"Septic arthritis in children: diagnosis and treatment","volume":"8","author":"P\u00e4\u00e4kk\u00f6nen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pediatr. Health Med. Ther."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3155","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-015-3918-8","article-title":"Arthrotomy versus arthroscopy in the treatment of septic arthritis of the knee in adults: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"24","author":"Peres","year":"2016","journal-title":"Knee Surg. Sports Traumatology Arthroscopy"},{"key":"B75","first-page":"168","article-title":"Septic arthritis","volume":"28","author":"Perry","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. J. Orthop"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1097\/01241398-199211000-00020","article-title":"Long-term effects of neonatal bone and joint infection on adjacent growth plates","volume":"12","author":"Peters","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Orthop."},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e354","DOI":"10.1097\/BPO.0000000000001187","article-title":"Improved diagnosis and treatment of bone and joint infections using an evidence-based treatment guideline","volume":"38","author":"Quick","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Orthop."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2019.07.039","article-title":"Next-generation sequencing for diagnosis of infection: is more sensitive really better","volume":"29","author":"Rao","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Shoulder Elbow Surg."},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e299","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2007-0291","article-title":"Incidence and characteristics of arthritis in Norwegian children: a population-based study","volume":"121","author":"Riise","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pediatrics."},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2017.01.001","article-title":"Septic arthritis of native joints","volume":"3","author":"Ross","year":"2017","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Clin. N Am."},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofaa089","article-title":"Septic Arthritis and the Opioid Epidemic: 1465 Cases of Culture-Positive Native Joint Septic Arthritis From 1990-2018","volume":"7","author":"Ross","year":"2020","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1007\/s11420-018-9644-2","article-title":"Pediatric septic arthritis and osteomyelitis in the USA: a national KID database analysis","volume":"15","author":"Safdieh","year":"2019","journal-title":"HSS J."},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2019.12.007","article-title":"Bone and joint infections of the hand","volume":"26","author":"Sendi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infection"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1128\/cmr.15.4.527-544","article-title":"Acute septic arthritis","volume":"15","author":"Shirtlif","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.101B3.BJJ-2018-0868.R1","article-title":"Performance of automated multiplex polymerase chain reaction (mPCR) using synovial fluid in the diagnosis of native joint septic arthritis in adults","author":"Sigmund","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bone Joint J."},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.0287","article-title":"The third international consensus definitions for sepsis and septic shock","volume":"315","author":"Synger","year":"2016","journal-title":"Jama"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2006.01366.x","article-title":"Infectious arthritis: clinical features, laboratory findings and treatment","volume":"12","author":"Smith","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infection"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.RVW.19.00069","article-title":"Septic arthritis of the knee in children: a critical analysis review","volume":"8","author":"Swarup","year":"2020","journal-title":"JBJS Rev."},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e118","DOI":"10.3928\/01477447-20181227-01","article-title":"Clinical characteristics and long-term outcomes after septic arthritis of the native glenohumeral joint: A 20-year retrospective review","volume":"42","author":"Sweet","year":"2019","journal-title":"Orthopedics"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.100B2.BJJ-2017-0531.R2","article-title":"Can next generation sequencing play a role in detecting pathogens in synovial fluid","author":"Tarabichi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bone Joint J."},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jor.2018.12.017","article-title":"Septic arthritis of the hip and knee treated surgically in pediatric patients: analysis of the kids' inpatient database","volume":"16","author":"Tretiakov","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Orthop."},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1097\/BPO.0000000000001744","article-title":"Primary septic arthritis among children 6 to 48 months of age: Implications for pcr acquisition and empiric antimicrobial selection","volume":"41","author":"Villani","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Orthopaedics"},{"key":"B93","article-title":"Can metagenomic next-generation sequencing identify the pathogens responsible for culture-negative prosthetic joint infection","volume":"20","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1007\/s11999.0000000000000019","article-title":"Validating an algorithm to predict adjacent musculoskeletal infections in pediatric patients with septic arthritis","volume":"476","author":"Welling","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop Relat. Res."},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.58.4.214","article-title":"Clinical features and outcome of septic arthritis in a single UK health district 1982\u20131991","volume":"58","author":"Weston","year":"1991","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum Dis."},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-021-04116-9","article-title":"Diagnostic value of next-generation sequencing to detect periprosthetic joint infection","volume":"22","author":"Yin","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskeletal Disord."},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2010.04.008","article-title":"Etiology of septic arthritis in children: an update for the new millennium","volume":"29","author":"Young","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Emergency Med."},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2001017","article-title":"A Novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China, 2019","volume":"382","author":"Zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"New Engl. J. Med."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1193645\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,12]],"date-time":"2023-05-12T13:31:49Z","timestamp":1683898309000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1193645\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,2]]},"references-count":98,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1193645"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1193645","relation":{},"ISSN":["2235-2988"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2235-2988","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,2]]},"article-number":"1193645"}}