{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T00:36:27Z","timestamp":1793061387874,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,17]],"date-time":"2023-05-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1684281600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>The single-stranded DNA virus known as human bocavirus 1 (HBoV-1) is an icosahedral, linear member of the <jats:italic>Parvoviridae<\/jats:italic> family. In 2005, it was discovered in nasopharyngeal samples taken from kids who had respiratory tract illnesses. The HBoV genome is 4.7\u20135.7 kb in total length. The HBoV genome comprises three open-reading frames (ORF1, ORF2, and ORF3) that express structural proteins (VP1, VP2, and VP3), viral non-coding RNA, and non-structural proteins (NS1, NS1-70, NS2, NS3, and NP1) (BocaSR). The NS1 and NP1 are crucial for viral DNA replication and are substantially conserved proteins. Replication of the HBoV-1 genome in non-dividing, polarized airway epithelial cells. <jats:italic>In vitro<\/jats:italic>, HBoV-1 infects human airway epithelial cells that are strongly differentiated or polarized. Young children who have HBoV-1 are at risk for developing a wide range of respiratory illnesses, such as the common cold, acute otitis media, pneumonia, and bronchiolitis. The most common clinical symptoms are wheezing, coughing, dyspnea, and rhinorrhea. After infection, HBoV-1 DNA can continue to be present in airway secretions for months. The prevalence of coinfections is considerable, and the clinical symptoms can be more severe than those linked to mono-infections. HBoV-1 is frequently detected in combination with other pathogens in various reports. The fecal-oral and respiratory pathways are more likely to be used for HBoV-1 transmission. HBoV-1 is endemic; it tends to peak in the winter and spring. This Review summarizes the knowledge on HBoV-1.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1198127","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,17]],"date-time":"2023-05-17T05:26:03Z","timestamp":1684301163000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["HBoV-1: virus structure, genomic features, life cycle, pathogenesis, epidemiology, diagnosis and clinical manifestations"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Mehrdad","family":"Mohammadi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0193594","article-title":"Detection of human bocavirus in Saudi healthy blood donors","volume":"13","author":"Abdel-Moneim","year":"2018","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10111456","article-title":"Epidemiology of human bocavirus in the middle East and north Africa: systematic review","volume":"10","author":"Abdelqader","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pathogens."},{"key":"B15","first-page":"258","article-title":"Human bocavirus - characteristics, pathogenicity, occurrence","volume":"54","author":"Abramczuk","year":"2015","journal-title":"Postepy Mikrobiol."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.4149\/av_2022_210","article-title":"Apoptosis mechanisms induced by parvovirus infections","volume":"66","author":"Afumba","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta virologica."},{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12891","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0504666102","article-title":"Cloning of a human parvovirus by molecular screening of respiratory tract samples","volume":"102","author":"Allander","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc. 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