{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T14:49:39Z","timestamp":1792853379513,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":11,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,31]],"date-time":"2023-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690761600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Myositis is the main manifestation of <jats:italic>Trachipleistophora hominis<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>T. hominis<\/jats:italic>) infection and other microsporidians infection in immunocompromised patients. Clinical differential diagnosis of different microsporidians can be challenging, as the standard technique to distinguish various microsporidia species, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), is time-consuming and relies on equipment and experienced staffs who can perform the test and interpret the\u00a0results.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Case presentation<\/jats:title><jats:p>We report a 37-year-old Chinese man with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) developed headache and muscle pain in the extremities. Tramadol was used to relieve his pain. Infectious lesions in his brain were detected by cerebral magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Oval-shaped pathogens was observed by biopsy of right gastrocnemius. Finally, <jats:italic>T. hominis<\/jats:italic> was identified by metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) in the gastrocnemius tissue and cerebrospinal fluid. After a 12-week course of antifungal treatment and antiretroviral therapy, the patient recovered from the encephalitis and myositis caused by <jats:italic>T. hominis.<\/jats:italic><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>This report described the diagnosis and treatment of the first case of encephalitis caused by <jats:italic>T. hominis.<\/jats:italic> And mNGS is recommended for the rapid diagnosis of uncommon pathogens.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1206624","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,31]],"date-time":"2023-07-31T11:55:05Z","timestamp":1690804505000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Encephalitis and myositis caused by Trachipleistophora hominis diagnosed by metagenomic next-generation sequencing\u2014a case report"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Haipeng","family":"Zheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xudan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinfeng","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linghua","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofab494","article-title":"Myositis caused by trachipleistophora hominis in a person with human immunodeficiency virus: the first case in thailand","volume":"8","author":"Buppajarntham","year":"2021","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1038\/s41576-019-0113-7","article-title":"Clinical metagenomics","volume":"20","author":"Chiu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Genet."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2004.11.006","article-title":"Trachipleistophora hominis infection in the myocardium and skeletal muscle of a patient with AIDS","volume":"51","author":"Curry","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Infect."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2803","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.34.11.2803-2811.1996","article-title":"Myositis associated with a newly described microsporidian, Trachipleistophora hominis, in a patient with AIDS","volume":"34","author":"Field","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Clin. 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Hyg"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1206624\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,31]],"date-time":"2023-07-31T11:55:07Z","timestamp":1690804507000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1206624\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,31]]},"references-count":11,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1206624"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1206624","relation":{},"ISSN":["2235-2988"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2235-2988","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,31]]},"article-number":"1206624"}}