{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,24]],"date-time":"2026-01-24T02:30:17Z","timestamp":1769221817522,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,31]],"date-time":"2023-08-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693440000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Female sand flies are hematophagous, feeding on animals and in the process serve as vectors for <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>, the parasites that cause leishmaniasis in humans. Leishmaniasis are a group of parasitic neglected tropical diseases in 98 countries including Nigeria and kills ~60,000 people\/year. In Nigeria, Sokoto State is endemic to leishmaniasis but there is a knowledge gap on the identity of the prevalent sand flies and the <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic> species they transmit. Hence, this cross-sectional study was designed to take inventory of the species of sand flies in Sokoto using genetic methods.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>1,260 (310 females) sand flies were collected from three Local Government Areas (L.G.A) of Sokoto State- Wamakko, Sokoto South and Kware. Genomic DNA was extracted from each fly and DNA amplification by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was carried out on the DNA samples using primers targeting the arthropods mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (<jats:italic>mt-coI<\/jats:italic>) gene, and nested PCR with primers targeting the gene for <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic> internal transcribed spacer-1 (<jats:italic>its-1<\/jats:italic>) of ribosomal RNA <jats:italic>its-1rRNA<\/jats:italic>. The PCR products were sequenced.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Gene sequence analysis revealed five species of sand flies belonging to the old-world genera namely <jats:italic>Phlebotomus<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Sergentomyia<\/jats:italic>. The identified species were <jats:italic>P. papatasi<\/jats:italic> (6.45%), <jats:italic>S. adleri<\/jats:italic> (6.45%), <jats:italic>S. affinis<\/jats:italic> (9.7%), <jats:italic>S. distincta<\/jats:italic> (9.7%), <jats:italic>S. schwetzi<\/jats:italic> (67.7%). Within the sampling period, sand flies were most abundant in the rainy months of August (104\/33.5%) and September (116\/37.4%) with all the five identified species occurring. Sequence analysis of <jats:italic>its-1<\/jats:italic> gene identified <jats:italic>Leishmania infantum<\/jats:italic> in two sand flies (2\/310)- <jats:italic>P. papatasi<\/jats:italic> (from Sokoto South) and <jats:italic>S. affinis<\/jats:italic> (from Wamakko). BLAST search in NCBI and phylogenetic analysis revealed that the sand fly species are related to the species reported in different parts of Africa, while the <jats:italic>L. infantum<\/jats:italic> is identical to strain reported in Brazil (KY379083.1).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Phlebotomus papatasi<\/jats:italic> and four species belonging to the genus <jats:italic>Sergentomyia<\/jats:italic> are the most prevalent sand flies in Sokoto State, Nigeria and they harbor <jats:italic>L. infantum<\/jats:italic> solely. The results shed light on why visceral leishmaniasis is the most predominant form of the disease. Therefore, we recommend that adequate care for dogs must be instituted as dogs are the major animal reservoir for <jats:italic>L. infantum<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1219629","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,31]],"date-time":"2023-08-31T10:29:39Z","timestamp":1693477779000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Molecular identification of phlebotomine sand flies and the harbored Leishmania spp. in Sokoto State, Nigeria"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Mahmud","family":"Usman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Audu Joseph","family":"Natala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Isa Danladi","family":"Jatau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ndudim Isaac","family":"Ogo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ghulam","family":"Jeelani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yasuyuki","family":"Goto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tomoyoshi","family":"Nozaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James H.","family":"McKerrow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emmanuel Oluwadare","family":"Balogun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Les phl\u00e9botomes de la r\u00e9gion \u00e9thiopienne (Diptera, Psychodidae)","volume":"55","author":"Abonnenc","year":"1972","journal-title":"Cahiers de l'ORSTOM, s\u00e9rie Entomologie m\u00e9dicale et Parasitologie."},{"key":"B2","first-page":"134","article-title":"The occurence of phebotomine sand flies in some parts of Southern Bauchi State, Nigeria","volume":"4","author":"Adamu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. 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