{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T02:24:50Z","timestamp":1785205490948,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,10]],"date-time":"2023-07-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1688947200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Malaria remains one of the most significant health issues worldwide, accounting for 2.6% of the total global disease burden, and efforts to eliminate this threat continue. The key focus is to develop an efficient and long-term immunity to this disease via vaccination or therapeutic approach, and innovative strategies would enable us to achieve this target. Previously, using a mouse co-infection disease model, cross-protection was illustrated between <jats:italic>Babesia microti<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Plasmodium chabaudi<\/jats:italic>. Hence, this study was planned to elucidate the impact of acute <jats:italic>B. microti<\/jats:italic> Peabody mjr and <jats:italic>Plasmodium berghei<\/jats:italic> ANKA co-infection on the consequence of complicated malaria in the C57BL\/6J mouse model of malaria. Furthermore, immune response and pathological features were analyzed, and the course of the disease was compared among experimental groups. Our study established that acute <jats:italic>B. microti<\/jats:italic> infection activated immunity which was otherwise suppressed by <jats:italic>P. berghei<\/jats:italic>. The immunosuppressive tissue microenvironment was counteracted as evidenced by the enhanced immune cell population in co-infected mice, in contrast to <jats:italic>P. berghei<\/jats:italic>-infected control mice. Parasite sequestration in the brain, liver, lung, and spleen of co-infected mice was significantly decreased and tissue injury was ameliorated. Meanwhile, the serum levels of IFN-\u03b3, TNF-\u03b1, and IL-12p70 were reduced while the secretion of IL-10 was promoted in co-infected mice. Eventually, co-infected mice showed an extended rate of survival. Hereby, the principal cytokines associated with the severity of malaria by <jats:italic>P. berghei<\/jats:italic> infection were TNF-\u03b1, IFN-\u03b3, and IL-12p70. Moreover, it was evident from our flow cytometry results that innate immunity is crucial and macrophages are at the frontline of immunity against <jats:italic>P. berghei<\/jats:italic> infection. Our study recommended further investigations to shed light on the effects of babesiosis in suppressing malaria with the goal of developing <jats:italic>Babesia<\/jats:italic>-based therapy against malaria.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1226088","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,10]],"date-time":"2023-07-10T09:47:29Z","timestamp":1688982449000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Babesia microti alleviates disease manifestations caused by Plasmodium berghei ANKA in murine co-infection model of complicated malaria"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Iqra","family":"Zafar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomoyo","family":"Taniguchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanadi B.","family":"Baghdadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daisuke","family":"Kondoh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed Abdo","family":"Rizk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eloiza May","family":"Galon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shengwei","family":"Ji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shimaa Abd El-Salam","family":"El-Sayed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thom","family":"Do","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Moaz M.","family":"Amer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ma","family":"Zhuowei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ma","family":"Yihong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinlin","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noboru","family":"Inoue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuenan","family":"Xuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3947\/ic.2010.42.5.271","article-title":"Imported parasitic diseases in Korea","volume":"42","author":"Ahn","year":"2010","journal-title":"Infect. 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