{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T16:52:33Z","timestamp":1791219153089,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,20]],"date-time":"2023-09-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1695168000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Chlamydia psittaci<\/jats:italic> is the causative agent of psittacosis in humans, while its rapid identification is hampered due to the lack of specificity of laboratory testing methods.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Case presentation<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study reports four cases of <jats:italic>C. psittaci<\/jats:italic> infection after contact with a domestic parrot, all belonging to the same family. Common manifestations like fever, cough, headache, nausea, and hypodynamia appeared in the patients. Metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) aided the etiological diagnosis of psittacosis, revealing 58318 and 7 sequence reads corresponding to <jats:italic>C. psittaci<\/jats:italic> in two cases. The detected <jats:italic>C. psittaci<\/jats:italic> was typed as ST100001 in the Multilocus-sequence typing (MLST) system, a novel strain initially reported. Based on the results of pathogenic identification by mNGS, the four patients were individually, treated with different antibiotics, and discharged with favorable outcomes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>In diagnosing psittacosis caused by a rare <jats:italic>C. psittaci<\/jats:italic> agent, mNGS provides rapid etiological identification, contributing to targeted antibiotic therapy and favorable outcomes. This study also reminds clinicians to raise awareness of psittacosis when encountering family members with a fever of unknown origin.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1249225","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,21]],"date-time":"2023-09-21T08:37:39Z","timestamp":1695285459000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Case Report: Metagenomic next-generation sequencing applied in diagnosing psittacosis caused by Chlamydia psittaci infection"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Wan","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qing","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Binghua","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qingqing","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoli","family":"Yi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rong","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qian","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10081015","article-title":"Chlamydia psittaci st24: Clonal strains of one health importance dominate in Australian horse, bird and human infections","volume":"10","author":"Anstey","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10080968","article-title":"Undiagnosed cases of human pneumonia following exposure to chlamydia psittaci from an infected rosella parrot","volume":"10","author":"Chaber","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-020-01429-0","article-title":"Metagenomic next-generation sequencing in the diagnosis of severe pneumonias caused by chlamydia psittaci","volume":"48","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Infection"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep29421","article-title":"Chlamydia psittaci infection increases mortality of avian influenza virus H9n2 by suppressing host immune response","volume":"6","author":"Chu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. 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