{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T02:18:27Z","timestamp":1784081907606,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,13]],"date-time":"2023-09-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1694563200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Laboratory teaching of medical microbiology involves highly pathogenic microorganisms, thus posing potential biosafety risks to the students and the teacher. To address these risks, non\/low-pathogenic microorganisms were modified to mimic highly pathogenic ones or highly pathogenic microorganisms were attenuated directly using the CRISPR\/Cas9 technology. This study describes the modification of <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic> DH5\u03b1 to mimic <jats:italic>Shigella<\/jats:italic> and its evaluation as a safe alternative for medical laboratory teaching.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>To generate <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> DH5\u03b1\u25b3FliC\u25b3tnaA2a, the tnaA and FliC genes in <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> DH5\u03b1 were knocked out using CRISPR\/Cas9 technology; a plasmid bearing the O-antigen determinant of <jats:italic>S. flexneri<\/jats:italic> 2a was then constructed and transformed. Acid tolerance assays and guinea pig eye tests were used to assess the viability and pathogenicity, respectively. Questionnaires were used to analyze teaching effectiveness and the opinions of teachers and students.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The survey revealed that most teachers and students were inclined towards real-time laboratory classes than virtual classes or observation of plastic specimens. However, many students did not abide by the safety regulations, and most encountered potential biosafety hazards in the laboratory. <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> DH5\u03b1\u25b3FliC\u25b3tnaA2a was biochemically and antigenically analogous to <jats:italic>S. flexneri<\/jats:italic> 2a and had lower resistance to acid than <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>. There was no toxicity observed in guinea pigs. Most of teachers and students were unable to distinguish <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> DH5\u03b1\u25b3FliC\u25b3tnaA2a from pure <jats:italic>S. flexneri<\/jats:italic> 2a in class. Students who used <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> DH5\u03b1\u25b3FliC\u25b3tnaA2a in their practice had similar performance in simulated examinations compared to students who used real <jats:italic>S. flexneri<\/jats:italic> 2a, but significantly higher than the virtual experimental group.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>This approach can be applied to other high-risk pathogenic microorganisms to reduce the potential biosafety risks in medical laboratory-based teaching and provide a new strategy for the development of experimental materials.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1257361","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,13]],"date-time":"2023-09-13T19:44:55Z","timestamp":1694634295000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Modifying Escherichia coli to mimic Shigella for medical microbiology laboratory teaching: a new strategy to improve biosafety in class"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Guangyuan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jia","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yonglin","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuheng","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tingting","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanan","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huichao","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anlong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yunbo","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chun","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingqi","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xichuan","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingsong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nan","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fm.2017.08.018","article-title":"Salmonella epidemiology: A whirlwind of change","volume":"71","author":"Besser","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Microbiol."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1710324","DOI":"10.1080\/10872981.2019.1710324","article-title":"Student perceptions of online and in-person microbiology laboratory experiences in undergraduate medical education","volume":"25","author":"Brockman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med. 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