{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T16:45:24Z","timestamp":1784133924979,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,11]],"date-time":"2023-10-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696982400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>XF-73 (exeporfinium chloride) is a synthetic, di-cationic porphyrin derivative with rapid, potent bactericidal properties and a low propensity for engendering bacterial resistance. It is being developed clinically for the decolonization of <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic> in the nasal cavity to prevent post-operative staphylococcal infections. This study reports the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of XF-73 in comparison to 22 antibiotics against a panel of &amp;gt;2,500 clinical isolates composed of 16 different Coagulase-positive and -negative <jats:italic>Staphylococcus<\/jats:italic> species from 33 countries. XF-73 was found to be effective against all isolates tested, with MICs ranging between \u22640.12 \u2013 4 \u00b5g\/ml (MIC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub> and MIC<jats:sub>90<\/jats:sub> values of 0.5 and 1 \u00b5g\/ml respectively). XF-73 was found to be equally effective against antibiotic resistant isolates as antibiotic sensitive isolates, with no impact of pre-existing antibiotic resistance mechanisms to cell wall synthesis inhibitors (\u03b2-lactams, carbapenems, glycopeptides and cephalosporins), protein synthesis inhibitors (oxazolidinones, macrolides and tetracyclines), DNA synthesis inhibitors (fluoroquinolones) and a folate synthesis inhibitor. The panel selected also included examples of multidrug-resistant <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic> isolates and, in all cases, the XF-73 MIC ranges were found to be similar against each of these groups. This dataset expands the knowledge of the breadth of activity of this novel antibacterial against a wide range of global <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic> isolates and supports the potential utility of XF-73 for the treatment of patients who are <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic> nasal carriers. Similar results were also obtained for multidrug-resistant isolates of other <jats:italic>Staphylococcus species<\/jats:italic> included in the study and collectively support the continued clinical development of XF-73 as an effective anti-staphylococcal drug.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1264456","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,11]],"date-time":"2023-10-11T09:57:53Z","timestamp":1697018273000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Screening of the novel antimicrobial drug, XF-73, against 2,527 Staphylococcus species clinical isolates"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"William","family":"Rhys-Williams","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helen Marie","family":"Galvin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William Guy","family":"Love","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.2146\/ajhp120568","article-title":"Clinical practice guidelines for antimicrobial prophylaxis in surgery","volume":"70","author":"Bratzler","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Health-System Pharmacy"},{"key":"B2","volume-title":"Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing, M100","year":"2020"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2019.07.032","article-title":"Mupirocin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"20","author":"Dadashi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Global Antimicrobial. Resistance"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1001\/jamasurg.2019.1153","article-title":"Guidelines for perioperative care in cardiac surgery: enhanced recovery after surgery society recommendations","volume":"154","author":"Engelman","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Surgery"},{"key":"B5","article-title":"Healthcare-associated infections: surgical site infections","volume-title":"ECDC. Annual epidemiological report for 2018-2020","year":"2023"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2010.02.008","article-title":"In vitro activity of XF-73, a novel antibacterial agent, against antibiotic-sensitive and -resistant Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial species","volume":"35","author":"Farrell","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrobial. Agents"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01285-10","article-title":"Investigation of the potential for mutational resistance to XF-73, retapamulin, mupirocin, fusidic acid, daptomycin, and vancomycin in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates during a 55-passage study","volume":"55","author":"Farrell","year":"2011","journal-title":"Antimicrobial. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"B8","unstructured":"BACTROBAN (mupirocin) ointment. US Food and Drug Administration1987"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2255","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1207290","article-title":"Targeted versus universal decolonization to prevent ICU infection","volume":"368","author":"Huang","year":"2013","journal-title":"New Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2017.07.001","article-title":"In Vitro activities of Tedizolid and comparator antimicrobial agents against clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus collected in 12 countries from 2014 to 2016","volume":"89","author":"Karlowsky","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.69.1.18-23.2003","article-title":"Bacterial competition for human nasal cavity colonization: role of staphylococcal agr alleles","volume":"69","author":"Lina","year":"2003","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1186\/s13756-019-0638-8","article-title":"APSIC guidelines for the prevention of surgical site infections","volume":"8","author":"Ling","year":"2019","journal-title":"Antimicrobial. Resistance Infect. Control."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2020.03.011","article-title":"Assessing the potential for staphylococcus aureus to evolve resistance to XF-73","volume":"28","author":"MacLean","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03570.x","article-title":"Multidrug-resistant, extensively drug-resistant and pandrug-resistant bacteria: an international expert proposal for interim standard definitions for acquired resistance","volume":"18","author":"Magiorakos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1017\/ice.2023.17","article-title":"Exeporfinium chloride (XF-73) nasal gel dosed over 24 hours prior to surgery significantly reduced Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage in cardiac surgery patients: Safety and efficacy results from a randomized placebo-controlled phase 2 study","volume":"44","author":"Mangino","year":"2023","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-016-0210-1","article-title":"Staphylococcal species heterogeneity in the nasal microbiome following antibiotic prophylaxis revealed by tuf gene deep sequencing","volume":"4","author":"McMurray","year":"2016","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9040830","article-title":"Update on coagulase-negative staphylococci-what the clinician should know","volume":"9","author":"Michels","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"B18","unstructured":"Surgical site infections: prevention and treatment2019"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkp299","article-title":"XF-73, a novel antistaphylococcal membrane-active agent with rapid bactericidal activity","volume":"64","author":"Ooi","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Antimicrobial. Chemother."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkp409","article-title":"XF-70 and XF-73, novel antibacterial agents active against slow-growing and non-dividing cultures of Staphylococcus aureus including biofilms","volume":"65","author":"Ooi","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Antimicrobial. Chemother."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1017\/ice.2023.102","article-title":"SHEA\/IDSA\/APIC Practice Recommendation: Strategies to prevent methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus transmission and infection in acute-care hospitals: 2022 Update","volume":"44","author":"Popovich","year":"2023","journal-title":"Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2021.106503","article-title":"Update on activity of dalbavancin and comparators against clinical isolates of Gram-positive pathogens from Europe and Russia, (2017-2018), and on clonal distribution of MRSA","volume":"59","author":"Riccobono","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2022.24075","article-title":"Surgical site infection prevention: A review","volume":"329","author":"Seidelman","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1089\/sur.2017.076","article-title":"Methodology and background for the world health organization global guidelines on the prevention of surgical site infection","volume":"19","author":"Sway","year":"2018","journal-title":"Surg. Infect. (Larchmt)."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200101043440102","article-title":"Nasal carriage as a source of Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. Study Group","volume":"344","author":"von Eiff","year":"2001","journal-title":"New Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)16897-9","article-title":"Risk and outcome of nosocomial Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia in nasal carriers versus non-carriers","volume":"364","author":"Wertheim","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2019.09.017","article-title":"A two-part phase 1 study to establish and compare the safety and local tolerability of two nasal formulations of XF-73 for decolonization of Staphylococcus aureus: A previously investigated 0.5mg\/g viscosified gel formulation versus a modified formulation","volume":"21","author":"Yendewa","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Global Antimicrobial. Resistance"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1080\/1040841X.2019.1573802","article-title":"Biofilm formation by staphylococci in health-related environments and recent reports on their control using natural compounds","volume":"45","author":"Yong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"B29","article-title":"Postoperative wound infection","volume-title":"StatPearls [Internet]","author":"Zabaglo","year":"2022"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4867","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S417231","article-title":"Efficacy of a novel antibacterial agent exeporfinium chloride, (XF-73), against antibiotic-resistant bacteria in mouse superficial skin infection models","volume":"16","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Infect. Drug Resist."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1264456\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,11]],"date-time":"2023-10-11T09:58:04Z","timestamp":1697018284000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1264456\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,11]]},"references-count":30,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1264456"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1264456","relation":{},"ISSN":["2235-2988"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2235-2988","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,11]]},"article-number":"1264456"}}