{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T21:05:46Z","timestamp":1781816746253,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,26]],"date-time":"2023-10-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698278400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>The recent COVID-19 pandemic again highlighted the urgent need for broad-spectrum antivirals, both for therapeutic use in acute viral infection and for pandemic preparedness in general. The targeting of host cell factors hijacked by viruses during their replication cycle presents one possible strategy for development of broad-spectrum antivirals. By inhibiting the Raf\/MEK\/ERK signaling pathway, a central kinase cascade of eukaryotic cells, which is being exploited by numerous viruses of different virus phyla, the small-molecule MEK inhibitor zapnometinib has the potential to address this need. We here performed a side-by-side comparison of the antiviral efficacy of zapnometinib against IAV and SARS-CoV-2 to determine the concentration leading to 50% of its effect on the virus (EC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>) and the concentration leading to 50% reduction of ERK phosphorylation (IC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>) in a comparable manner, using the same experimental conditions. Our results show that the EC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub> value and IC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub> value of zapnometinib are indeed lower for IAV compared to SARS-CoV-2 using one representative strain for each. The results suggest that IAV\u2019s replication has a stronger dependency on an active Raf\/MEK\/ERK pathway and, thus, that IAV is more susceptible to treatment with zapnometinib than SARS-CoV-2. With zapnometinib\u2019s favorable outcome in a recent phase II clinical trial in hospitalized COVID-19 patients, the present results are even more promising for an upcoming phase II clinical trial in severe influenza virus infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1264983","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,27]],"date-time":"2023-10-27T02:08:29Z","timestamp":1698372509000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Influenza A virus replication has a stronger dependency on Raf\/MEK\/ERK signaling pathway activity than SARS-CoV-2"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Helen","family":"Hoffmann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marina","family":"Ebensperger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annika","family":"Sch\u00f6nsiegel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hazem","family":"Hamza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Koch-Heier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andr\u00e9","family":"Schreiber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephan","family":"Ludwig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Schindler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oliver","family":"Planz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2014.09.004","article-title":"MEK\/ERK activation plays a decisive role in yellow fever virus replication: Implication as an antiviral therapeutic target","volume":"111","author":"Albarnaz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Antiviral Res."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11130","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-90491-1","article-title":"Androgen regulation of pulmonary AR, TMPRSS2 and ACE2 with implications for sex-discordant COVID-19 outcomes","volume":"11","author":"Baratchian","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. 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