{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T19:21:11Z","timestamp":1792351271847,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,16]],"date-time":"2023-11-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1700092800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"\n Introduction<\/jats:title>\n The colonization of the oral cavity by potentially pathogenic antimicrobial-resistant bacteria in adolescents and its consequences is very poorly understood. The present study focused on the occurrence of oral colonization by Gram-negative bacilli (GNB) and their multidrug resistance, including the production of extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamases (ESBLs) and carbapenemases, among healthy adolescents and risk factors associated with GNB colonization.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Materials and methods<\/jats:title>\n \n This study was conducted as part of \u201cA program for the early detection of risk factors for lifestyle diseases SOPKARD-Junior\u201d (SOPKARD-Junior). Oral samples were collected from 182 adolescents from four public elementary schools in Sopot, Poland, aged 13-14 years. Bacterial strains were identified by the MALDI-TOF MS method. Screening of antimicrobial resistance was performed using a disk diffusion method. The NG-Test\n \u00ae<\/jats:sup>\n CARBA-5 was used to detect and differentiate the five most widely distributed carbapenemases. Demographic and clinical data were collected and statistical analysis of risk factors was performed.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n A total of 68 out of 182 (37.4%) healthy adolescents was documented oral colonization with Gram-negative bacilli, including 50\/182 (27.5%) multidrug resistant (MDR-GNB) strains. Over 60% of oral carriage concerned three main genera\n Enterobacter<\/jats:italic>\n spp.,\n Pseudomonas<\/jats:italic>\n spp., and\n Serratia<\/jats:italic>\n spp., which were detected in 22.1%, 19.1%, and 19.1% of participants, respectively.\n Citrobacter<\/jats:italic>\n spp.,\n Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n Klebsiella<\/jats:italic>\n spp.,\n Hafnia<\/jats:italic>\n spp.,\n Aeromonas<\/jats:italic>\n spp.,\n Acinetobacter<\/jats:italic>\n spp., and\n Stenotrophomonas<\/jats:italic>\n spp. were also isolated. The antimicrobial resistance to ampicillin (100%), ceftazidime (69.1%), meropenem (60.3%), gentamycin (60.3%), piperacillin\/tazobactam (52.9%), and piperacillin (45.6%) were the most common. Among 73.5% GNB strains multidrug resistance was observed, including all\n Pseudomonas<\/jats:italic>\n spp. strains. Among MDR-GNB, 30.4% were resistant to four groups of antibiotics, half of the MDR\n Pseudomonas<\/jats:italic>\n spp. strains were resistant to 10 groups of antibiotics. Extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamases were produced by\n Enterobacter cloacae<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n Klebsiella<\/jats:italic>\n spp., and\n Serratia<\/jats:italic>\n spp. (7.4%). Colonization by ESBLs-positive GNB strains was significantly associated with recurrent respiratory infections, nasal congestion, and bronchitis (p&lt;0.05).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n Our study revealed high oral carriage of multi-drug resistant Gram-negative bacilli in healthy adolescents and the association of ESBL-producing strains with respiratory infections. Further studies on oral colonization with GNB are necessary due to the possibility of distinct infections and the acquisition of antibiotic resistance by resident microbiota.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1265777","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,16]],"date-time":"2023-11-16T09:02:22Z","timestamp":1700125342000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["High oral carriage of multidrug resistant Gram-negative bacilli in adolescents: the SOPKARD-Junior study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Marta","family":"Katkowska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Garbacz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ewa","family":"Kwapisz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Klaudia","family":"Suligowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aida","family":"Kusiak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dominika","family":"Cicho\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dariusz","family":"\u015awietlik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.12659\/msm.881750","article-title":"Nosocomial infections and risk factors in the intensive care unit of a teaching and research hospital: a prospective cohort study","volume":"17","author":"Ak","year":"2011","journal-title":"Med. 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