{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]],"date-time":"2025-11-07T12:56:35Z","timestamp":1762520195218,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,26]],"date-time":"2023-10-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698278400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by SARS-CoV-2 virus, has been one of the top public health threats across the world over the past three years. <jats:italic>Mycobacterium bovis<\/jats:italic> BCG is currently the only licensed vaccine for tuberculosis, one of the deadliest infectious diseases in the world, that is caused by <jats:italic>Mycobacterium tuberculosis<\/jats:italic>. In the past decades, recombinant <jats:italic>M.bovis<\/jats:italic> BCG has been studied as a novel vaccine vector for other infectious diseases in humans besides tuberculosis, such as viral infections. In the current study, we generated a recombinant <jats:italic>M. bovis<\/jats:italic> BCG strain AspikeRBD that expresses a fusion protein consisting of <jats:italic>M. tb<\/jats:italic> Ag85A protein and the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein using synthetic biology technique. Our results show that the recombinant <jats:italic>M. bovis<\/jats:italic> BCG strain successfully expressed this fusion protein. Interestingly, the recombinant <jats:italic>M. bovis<\/jats:italic> BCG strain AspikeRBD significantly induced SARS-CoV-2 spike-specific T cell activation and IgG production in mice when compared to the parental <jats:italic>M.bovis<\/jats:italic> BCG strain, and was more potent than the recombinant <jats:italic>M.bovis<\/jats:italic> BCG strain expressing SARS-CoV-2 spike RBD alone. As expected, the recombinant <jats:italic>M. bovis<\/jats:italic> BCG strain AspikeRBD activated an increased number of <jats:italic>M. tb<\/jats:italic> Ag85A-specific IFN\u03b3-releasing T cells and enhanced IgG production in mice when compared to the parental <jats:italic>M.bovis<\/jats:italic> BCG strain or the BCG strain expressing SARS-CoV-2 spike RBD alone. Taken together, our results indicate a potential application of the recombinant <jats:italic>M. bovis<\/jats:italic> BCG strain AspikeRBD as a novel dual vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 and <jats:italic>M. tb<\/jats:italic> in humans.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1273019","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,27]],"date-time":"2023-10-27T00:00:46Z","timestamp":1698364846000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Engineering a dual vaccine against COVID-19 and tuberculosis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Carlyn Mon\u00e8t","family":"Guthrie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xuejuan","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amber Cherry","family":"Meeker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ashton Elisabeth","family":"Self","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yong","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jir240","article-title":"Randomized trial of BCG vaccination at birth to low-birth-weight children: beneficial nonspecific effects in the neonatal period","volume":"204","author":"Aaby","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. 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