{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T21:13:58Z","timestamp":1784754838331,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":131,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,15]],"date-time":"2024-01-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1705276800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Obesity and asthma are global public health problems. Obesity-related asthma is a special phenotype of asthma with a complex pathogenesis. Its occurrence and development are related to mechanical compression, inflammatory response, metabolic regulation, gene regulation, and vitamin D deficiency. Different treatment strategies used in the process of weight loss have a beneficial impact on asthma. Alterations in gut and airway microbial community structure and their metabolites may also contribute to obesity-related asthma. The role of the Th17\/Treg balance in the gut microbiota regulating the immune responses and host metabolism is important. Therapeutic measures associated with the gut microbiota variety may contribute to improving chronic inflammation associated with obesity by regulating the Th17\/Treg balance. An early reduction in microbial diversity can predict the development of asthma and lead to allergy through an imbalance of Th2\/Th1 responses. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) regulate the differentiation and activation of regulatory T cells, thereby regulating immune homeostasis in the lung to suppress allergic inflammation and weight gain. Therefore, clarifying the microbial mechanism of obesity-related asthma has important guiding significance for clinical treatment. In this review, we used the following terms: \u201casthma and obesity\u201d and \u201cobesity-related asthma\u201d, combining \u201cphenotype\u201d, \u201cairway inflammation\u201d and \u201clung function\u201d, and reviewed the characteristics and pathogenesis of obesity-related asthma, the relationship between the gut and airway microbiota and obesity-related asthma, and the current treatment measures for the disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1303899","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,15]],"date-time":"2024-01-15T04:36:57Z","timestamp":1705293417000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Obesity-related asthma and its relationship with microbiota"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Jinli","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuehua","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bo","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hong","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiuhong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.2147\/JAA.S299756","article-title":"Persistent uncontrolled asthma: long-term impact on physical activity and body composition","volume":"14","author":"Abdo","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Asthma Allergy"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2016.128","article-title":"Gut permeability and mucosal inflammation: bad, good or context dependent","volume":"10","author":"Ahmad","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2009-0137RC","article-title":"Altered asymmetric dimethyl arginine metabolism in allergically inflamed mouse lungs","volume":"42","author":"Ahmad","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol."},{"key":"B4","first-page":"1","article-title":"Current asthma prevalence by weight status among adults: United States, 2001-2014","volume":"239","author":"Akinbami","year":"2016","journal-title":"NCHS Data Brief"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1111\/ijpo.12246","article-title":"Asthma prevalence trends byweight status among US children aged 2-19 years, 1988-2014","volume":"13","author":"Akinbami","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatr. Obes."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2021.02.020","article-title":"Infant body mass index trajectories and asthma and lung function","volume":"148","author":"Ali","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201500272","article-title":"The complex immunological and inflammatory network of adipose tissue in obesity","volume":"60","author":"Apostolopoulos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1542\/hpeds.2015-0094","article-title":"Impact of obesity on clinical outcomes in urban children hospitalized for status asthmaticus","volume":"6","author":"Aragona","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hosp Pediatr."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3088","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI45041","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori infection prevents allergic asthma in mouse models through the induction of regulatory T cells","volume":"121","author":"Arnold","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1606","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)61375-1","article-title":"Effects of liraglutide in the treatment of obesity: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study","volume":"374","author":"Astrup","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10020169","article-title":"Asthma and obesity: two diseases on the rise and bridged by inflammation","volume":"10","author":"Bantul\u00e0","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1420","DOI":"10.1007\/s10995-021-03165-9","article-title":"Condensation: A retrospective cohort study to investigate the association between maternal pre-pregnancy obesity and childhood respiratory disease","volume":"25","author":"Bar-Noy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Matern Child Health J."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.23736\/S2724-6507.20.03299-X","article-title":"Vitamin D in obesity and obesity-related diseases: an overview","volume":"46","author":"Barrea","year":"2021","journal-title":"Minerva Endocrinol. (Torino)"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1068","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2016.06.023","article-title":"Obesity increases the prevalence and the incidence of asthma and worsens asthma severity","volume":"36","author":"Barros","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1310","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2016.52","article-title":"Effect of liraglutide 3.0\u2009mg in individuals with obesity and moderate or severe obstructive sleep apnea: the SCALE Sleep Apnea randomized clinical trial","volume":"40","author":"Blackman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes. (Lond)"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"046005","DOI":"10.1088\/1752-7163\/aa61c5","article-title":"Serum and exhaled breath condensate leptin levels in asthmatic and obesity children: a pilot study","volume":"11","author":"Bodini","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Breath Res."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmr.2019.07.009","article-title":"Impact fonctionnel respiratoire de l\u2019ob\u00e9sit\u00e9 [The impact of obesity on respiratory function]","volume":"36","author":"Bokov","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rev. Mal Respir."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1495","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00046013","article-title":"Metabolic syndrome and incidence of asthma in adults: the HUNT study","volume":"42","author":"Brumpton","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2015.07.026","article-title":"Crosstalk between gut microbiota and dietary lipids aggravates WAT inflammation through TLR signaling","volume":"22","author":"Caesar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210161","DOI":"10.1183\/20734735.0161-2021","article-title":"A clinicians' review of the respiratory microbiome","volume":"18","author":"Campbell","year":"2022","journal-title":"Breathe (Sheff)"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00246-2016","article-title":"Insulin resistance modifies the association between obesity and current asthma in adults","volume":"48","author":"Cardet","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1583","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.202001-080OC","article-title":"Leptin in cord blood associates with asthma risk at age 3 in the offspring of women with gestational obesity","volume":"17","author":"Castro-Rodriguez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Am. Thorac. Soc."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcb.2017.01.006","article-title":"Inflammation and the metabolic syndrome: the tissue-specific functions of NF-\u03baB","volume":"27","author":"Catrysse","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends Cell Biol."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.25197","article-title":"Life course body mass index through childhood and young adulthood and risks of asthma and pulmonary function impairment","volume":"56","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatr. Pulmonol"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/pai.13710","article-title":"Investigating obesity-related risk factors for childhood asthma","volume":"33","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pediatr. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2020.00462","article-title":"Editorial: diabetes and obesity effects on lung function","volume":"11","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol. (Lausanne)"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2020.114112","article-title":"The management of severe asthma in 2020","volume":"179","author":"C\u00f4t\u00e9","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1007\/s12098-018-2636-x","article-title":"Prevention and management of childhood obesity","volume":"85","author":"Dabas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Indian J. Pediatr."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.3305\/nh.2013.28.4.6525","article-title":"Intestinal microbiota; relevance to obesity and modulation by prebiotics and probiotics","volume":"28","author":"da Silva","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nutr. Hosp"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201208-1470OC","article-title":"Elevated sputum interleukin-5 and submucosal eosinophilia in obese individuals with severe asthma","volume":"188","author":"Desai","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10111634","article-title":"Children with obesity and asthma: which are the best options for their management","volume":"10","author":"Di Genova","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1473","DOI":"10.1007\/s10753-015-0122-4","article-title":"CD4(+), CD25(+), FOXP3 (+) T regulatory cell levels in obese, asthmatic, asthmatic obese, and healthy children","volume":"38","author":"Donma","year":"2015","journal-title":"Inflammation"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2018.03.001","article-title":"Mechanisms of action and therapeutic application of glucagon-like peptide-1","volume":"27","author":"Drucker","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"B34","first-page":"178","article-title":"The intestinal microbiome in human health and disease","volume":"131","author":"Dupont","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trans. Am. Clin. Climatol Assoc."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwx081","article-title":"Body mass index development and asthma throughout childhood","volume":"186","author":"Ekstr\u00f6m","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.12832","article-title":"Innate lymphoid cells at the interface between obesity and asthma","volume":"153","author":"Everaere","year":"2018","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2005.02.023","article-title":"Adipose tissue, adipokines, and inflammation","volume":"115","author":"Fantuzzi","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.3109\/02770903.2013.873807","article-title":"An examination of comorbid asthma and obesity: assessing differences in physical activity, sleep duration, health-related quality of life and parental distress","volume":"51","author":"Fedele","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Asthma"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2012.09.028","article-title":"Obesity impairs apoptotic cell clearance in asthma","volume":"131","author":"Fernandez-Boyanapalli","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu8060364","article-title":"Effects of dietary l-arginine on nitric oxide bioavailability in obese normotensive and obese hypertensive subjects","volume":"8","author":"Giam","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines8090359","article-title":"A multi-omics approach reveals new signatures in obese allergic asthmatic children","volume":"8","author":"Gomez-Llorente","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prrv.2020.05.004","article-title":"Oxidative stress and obesity-related asthma","volume":"37","author":"Grasemann","year":"2021","journal-title":"Paediatr. Respir. Rev."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aaf9412","article-title":"Intestinal commensal bacteria mediate lung mucosal immunity and promote resistance of newborn mice to infection","volume":"9","author":"Gray","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anai.2022.07.005","article-title":"Prevalence and associations among metabolically unhealthy obesity, asthma exacerbations, and emergency department use","volume":"129","author":"Greiner","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2466-13-39","article-title":"Obesity increases eosinophil activity in asthmatic children and adolescents","volume":"13","author":"Grotta","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Pulm Med."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2005.09.016","article-title":"Genetic pleiotropy between asthma and obesity in a community-based sample of twins","volume":"116","author":"Hallstrand","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1379","DOI":"10.1080\/02770903.2019.1645169","article-title":"Prevalence and predictors of adherence to controller therapy in adult patients with severe\/difficult-to-treat asthma: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"57","author":"Hassan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Asthma"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1007\/s15006-017-9710-6","article-title":"Update of the GINA-recommendations","volume":"159","author":"Hering","year":"2017","journal-title":"MMW Fortschr Med."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-10-519","article-title":"The effects of air pollution on vitamin D status in healthy women: a cross sectional study","volume":"10","author":"Hosseinpanah","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2010.10.048","article-title":"Airway microbiota and bronchial hyperresponsiveness in patients with suboptimally controlled asthma","volume":"127","author":"Huang","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-019-00775-y","article-title":"Dysbiosis of the gut and lung microbiome has a role in asthma","volume":"42","author":"Hufnagl","year":"2020","journal-title":"Semin. Immunopathol."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1186\/s13223-019-0333-6","article-title":"Association between abdominal obesity and asthma: a meta-analysis","volume":"15","author":"Jiang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Allergy Asthma Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1089\/chi.2020.0029","article-title":"Association between body mass index status and childhood asthma control","volume":"16","author":"Jiang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Child Obes."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1430","DOI":"10.3349\/ymj.2013.54.6.1430","article-title":"Effects of diet-induced mild obesity on airway hyperreactivity and lung inflammation in mice","volume":"54","author":"Jung","year":"2013","journal-title":"Yonsei Med. J."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.23516","article-title":"Impaired glucose metabolism and bronchial hyperresponsiveness in obese prepubertal asthmatic children","volume":"52","author":"Karampatakis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pediatr. Pulmonol"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1159\/000441687","article-title":"Asthma: hospitalization trends and predictors of in-hospital mortality and hospitalization costs in the USA (2001-2010)","volume":"168","author":"Kaur","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3423","article-title":"Interleukin-17-producing innate lymphoid cells and the NLRP3 inflammasome facilitate obesityassociated airway hyperreactivity","volume":"20","author":"Kim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0116540","article-title":"Obesity increases airway hyperresponsiveness via the TNF-alpha pathway and treating obesity induces recovery","volume":"10","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.05.041","article-title":"From dietary fiber to host physiology: short-chain fatty acids as key bacterial metabolites","volume":"165","author":"Koh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD001496.pub2","article-title":"Pharmacological and surgical interventions for the treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux in adults and children with asthma","volume":"5","author":"Kopsaftis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2014.03.018","article-title":"\u03b23-Adrenergic receptor gene modifies the association between childhood obesity and asthma","volume":"134","author":"Kuo","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2018-2119","article-title":"Being overweight or obese and the development of asthma","volume":"142","author":"Lang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1459","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2017.09.043","article-title":"Overweight\/obesity status in preschool children associates with worse asthma but robust improvement on inhaled corticosteroids","volume":"141","author":"Lang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-019-1526-3","article-title":"Asthma medication in children who are overweight\/obese: justified treatment","volume":"19","author":"Lentferink","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2015.18589","article-title":"Effect of prenatal supplementation with vitamin D on asthma or recurrent wheezing in offspring by age 3 years: the VDAART randomized clinical trial","volume":"315","author":"Litonjua","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2020.00134","article-title":"Pre-pregnancy maternal weight and gestational weight gain increase the risk for childhood asthma and wheeze: an updated meta-analysis","volume":"8","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Pediatr."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2017.05.028","article-title":"Obese asthmatic patients have decreased surfactant protein A levels: Mechanisms and implications","volume":"141","author":"Lugogo","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1719","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2028198","article-title":"Healthy weight loss maintenance with exercise, liraglutide, or both combined","volume":"384","author":"Lundgren","year":"2021","journal-title":"N Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1936","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2018.02.001","article-title":"Association between obesity and acute severity among patients hospitalized for asthma exacerbation","volume":"6","author":"Luthe","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. Pract."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1111\/all.13342","article-title":"RItA: The Italian severe\/uncontrolled asthma registry","volume":"73","author":"Maio","year":"2018","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.13129","article-title":"Obesity in young children and its relationship with diagnosis of asthma, vitamin D deficiency, iron deficiency, specific allergies and flat-footedness: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"22","author":"Malden","year":"2021","journal-title":"Obes. Rev."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13113837","article-title":"Nutrition, obesity and asthma inception in children","volume":"13","author":"Manuel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Role Lung Funct. Nutrients"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1284","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201311-2011LE","article-title":"Obese individuals with asthma preferentially have a high IL-5\/IL-17A\/IL-25 sputum inflammatory pattern","volume":"189","author":"Marijsse","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2014.05.015","article-title":"Yogurt consumption, weight change and risk of overweight\/obesity: the SUN cohort study","volume":"24","author":"Martinez-Gonzalez","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP272","article-title":"IL-33 drives augmented responses to ozone in obese mice","volume":"125","author":"Mathews","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1767","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.22320","article-title":"Gut microbiota and body weight in school-aged children: the KOALA birth cohort study","volume":"26","author":"Mbakwa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Obes. (Silver Spring)"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5711","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-13751-9","article-title":"Obesity and disease severity magnify disturbed microbiome-immune interactions in asthma patients","volume":"10","author":"Michalovich","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2020.08.011","article-title":"Obesity and asthma","volume":"146","author":"Miethe","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0126976","article-title":"Bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum CECT 7765 reduces obesity-associated inflammation by restoring the lymphocyte-macrophage balance and gut microbiota structure in high-fat diet-fed mice","volume":"10","author":"Moya-P\u00e9rez","year":"2015","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1111\/cea.13534","article-title":"Pubertal BMI change and adult-onset asthma in men: Population-based cohort study in Sweden","volume":"50","author":"Nwaru","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Allergy"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anai.2020.06.020","article-title":"Obesity-related asthma in children is characterized by T-helper 1 rather than T-helper 2 immune response: A meta-analysis","volume":"125","author":"Nyambuya","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol."},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2016.06.004","article-title":"Burden of obesity on pediatric inpatients with acute asthma exacerbation in the United States","volume":"4","author":"Okubo","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. Pract."},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"00371","DOI":"10.1183\/23120541.00371-2019","article-title":"Small airway function in obese individuals with self-reported asthma","volume":"6","author":"Oppenheimer","year":"2020","journal-title":"ERJ Open Res."},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.201312-454OC","article-title":"Cluster analysis and characterization of response to mepolizumab. A step closer to personalized medicine for patients with severe asthma","volume":"11","author":"Ortega","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Am. Thorac. Soc."},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S612","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-3841.2007.00477.x","article-title":"Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) prevents body fat accumulation and weight gain in an animal model","volume":"72","author":"Park","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Food Sci."},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00080514","article-title":"Macrophage activation, age and sex effects of immunometabolism in obese asthma","volume":"45","author":"Periyalil","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1111\/cea.13109","article-title":"Obese asthmatics are characterized by altered adipose tissue macrophage activation","volume":"48","author":"Periyalil","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Allergy"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2018.02.004","article-title":"Obesity and asthma","volume":"141","author":"Peters","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(16)30048-0","article-title":"Plasma interleukin-6 concentrations, metabolic dysfunction, and asthma severity: a cross-sectional analysis of two cohorts","volume":"4","author":"Peters","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Respir. Med."},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2017.01.051","article-title":"In vitro and in vivo evaluation of anti-arthritic, antioxidant efficacy of fucoidan from Undaria pinnatifida (Harvey) Suringar","volume":"97","author":"Phull","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1477","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.120.316101","article-title":"Obesity phenotypes, diabetes, and cardiovascularDiseases","volume":"126","author":"Piche","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0160407","article-title":"High fat diet inhibits dendritic cell and T cell response to allergens but does not impair inhalational respiratory tolerance","volume":"11","author":"Pizzolla","year":"2016","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3999","DOI":"10.3390\/nu7063999","article-title":"Pyrosequencing analysis reveals changes in intestinal microbiota of healthy adults who received a daily dose of immunomodulatory probiotic strains","volume":"7","author":"Plaza-D\u00edaz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1111\/resp.13026","article-title":"Co-morbidities in severe asthma: Clinical impact and management","volume":"22","author":"Porsbjerg","year":"2017","journal-title":"Respirology"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.11-0930","article-title":"Obesity-associated asthma in children: a distinct entity","volume":"141","author":"Rastogi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201409-1587OC","article-title":"Inflammation, metabolic dysregulation, and pulmonary function among obese urban adolescents with asthma","volume":"191","author":"Rastogi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S363","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.201703-231AW","article-title":"Metabolic dysregulation, systemic inflammation, and pediatric obesity-related asthma","volume":"14","author":"Rastogi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Am. Thorac. Soc."},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep02164","article-title":"Differential epigenome-wide DNA methylation patterns in childhood obesity-associated asthma","volume":"3","author":"Rastogi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B99","first-page":"192","article-title":"Influence of body mass indexes on response to treatment in acute asthma","volume":"52","author":"Razi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Med. Iran"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201900616","article-title":"Probiotics prevent dysbiosis and the rise in blood pressure in genetic hypertension: role of short-chain fatty acids","volume":"64","author":"Robles-Vera","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1528","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2013.01.001","article-title":"Body mass index trajectory classes and incident asthma in childhood: results from 8 European Birth Cohorts\u2013a Global Allergy and Asthma European Network initiative","volume":"131","author":"Rzehak","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1549","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2013.10.006","article-title":"Phenotypes determined by cluster analysis in severe or difficult-to-treat asthma","volume":"133","author":"Schatz","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1007\/s11882-021-01024-9","article-title":"Obesity, inflammation, and severe asthma: an update","volume":"21","author":"Sharma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Allergy Asthma Rep."},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0059443","article-title":"Leucine and protein metabolism in obese Zucker rats","volume":"8","author":"She","year":"2013","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201203-0573OC","article-title":"Obesity and asthma: an inflammatory disease of adipose tissue not the airway","volume":"186","author":"Sideleva","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1007\/s11892-018-1062-9","article-title":"The impact of childhood and adolescent obesity on cardiovascular risk in adulthood: A systematic review","volume":"18","author":"Sommer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Diabetes Rep."},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2018.01.026","article-title":"Factors reducing omalizumab response in severe asthma","volume":"52","author":"Sposato","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0000000000001421","article-title":"The role of childhood asthma in obesity development: A nationwide US multicohort study","volume":"33","author":"Stratakis","year":"2022","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"B109","first-page":"319","article-title":"Cluster analysis of the phenotype of asthma and obesity","volume":"71","author":"Sukhan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Wiad Lek"},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1159\/000355331","article-title":"IL-25 and IL-25 receptor expression on eosinophils from subjects with allergic asthma","volume":"163","author":"Tang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2019-0144OC","article-title":"Microbiota contribute to obesity-related increases in the pulmonary response to ozone","volume":"61","author":"Tashiro","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol."},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.alit.2018.10.004","article-title":"Obesity and severe asthma","volume":"68","author":"Tashiro","year":"2019","journal-title":"Allergol Int."},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1072","DOI":"10.1007\/s10753-017-0550-4","article-title":"Saturated fatty acid increases lung macrophages and augments house dust mite-induced airway inflammation in mice fed with high-fat diet","volume":"40","author":"Tashiro","year":"2017","journal-title":"Inflammation"},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)30258-7","article-title":"Asthma in US children","volume":"391","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2000612","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00612-2020","article-title":"Asthma medication use in obese and healthy weight asthma: systematic review\/meta-analysis","volume":"57","author":"Thompson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2014.08.068","article-title":"Anti-HIV activity of fucoidans from three brown seaweed species","volume":"115","author":"Thuy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Carbohydr Polym"},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180056","DOI":"10.1183\/16000617.0056-2018","article-title":"Current opinions for the management of asthma associated with ear, nose and throat comorbidities","volume":"27","author":"Tiotiu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. Rev."},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.2337\/db11-1019","article-title":"Short-chain fatty acids stimulate glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion via the G-protein-coupled receptor FFAR2","volume":"61","author":"Tolhurst","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3444","article-title":"Gut microbiota metabolism of dietary fiber influences allergic airway disease and hematopoiesis","volume":"20","author":"Trompette","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/131349","article-title":"Systemic inflammation and lung function impairment in morbidly obese subjects with the metabolic syndrome","volume":"2013","author":"van Huisstede","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Obes."},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyz273","article-title":"Has the prevalence of overweight, obesity and central obesity levelled off in the United States? Trends, patterns, disparities, and future projections for the obesity epidemic","volume":"49","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2021.109080","article-title":"Association between novel Glucose-Lowering drugs and risk of Asthma: A network Meta-Analysis of cardiorenal outcome trials","volume":"183","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/1628620","article-title":"Obesity may provide pro-ILC3 development inflammatory environment in asthmatic children","volume":"2018","author":"Wu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Res."},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1080\/21623945.2017.1413516","article-title":"Emerging roles of SGLT2 inhibitors in obesity and insulin resistance: Focus on fat browning and macrophage polarization","volume":"7","author":"Xu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adipocyte"},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2017.08.003","article-title":"Trans-10,cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid (t10-c12 CLA) treatment and caloric restriction differentially affect adipocyte cell turnover in obese and lean mice","volume":"49","author":"Yeganeh","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13223-023-00761-y","article-title":"The first successful desensitization protocol in exenatide allergy: a case report","volume":"19","author":"Ye\u011fit","year":"2023","journal-title":"Allergy Asthma Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/1414-431X20176841","article-title":"Vitamin D3 levels and NLRP3 expression in murine models of obese asthma: association with asthma outcomes","volume":"51","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res."},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8905","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-27278-4","article-title":"Leptin promotes allergic airway inflammation through targeting the unfolded protein response pathway","volume":"8","author":"Zheng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22043","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M116.743187","article-title":"Leptin enhances TH2 and ILC2 responses in allergic airway disease","volume":"291","author":"Zheng","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2019.09.035","article-title":"Shared genetic and experimental links between obesity-related traits and asthma subtypes in UK Biobank","volume":"145","author":"Zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1097\/FJC.0000000000001222","article-title":"Are high- or low-dose SGLT2 inhibitors associated with cardiovascular and respiratory adverse events? A meta-analysis","volume":"79","author":"Zou","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1303899\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,15]],"date-time":"2024-01-15T04:37:05Z","timestamp":1705293425000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1303899\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,15]]},"references-count":131,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1303899"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1303899","relation":{},"ISSN":["2235-2988"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2235-2988","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,15]]},"article-number":"1303899"}}