{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]],"date-time":"2026-09-05T00:12:16Z","timestamp":1788567136886,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":135,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,2]],"date-time":"2024-02-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706832000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Lung cancer has the highest mortality rate among all cancers worldwide. The 5-year overall survival rate for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is estimated at around 26%, whereas for small cell lung cancer (SCLC), the survival rate is only approximately 7%. This disease places a significant financial and psychological burden on individuals worldwide. The symbiotic microbiota in the human body has been significantly associated with the occurrence, progression, and prognosis of various diseases, such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and cystic fibrosis. Studies have demonstrated that respiratory symbiotic microorganisms and their metabolites play a crucial role in modulating immune function and contributing to the pathophysiology of lung cancer through their interactions with the host. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the microbial characteristics associated with lung cancer, with a focus on the respiratory tract microbiota from different locations, including saliva, sputum, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), bronchial brush samples, and tissue. We describe the respiratory tract microbiota\u2019s biodiversity characteristics by anatomical region, elucidating distinct pathological features, staging, metastasis, host chromosomal mutations, immune therapies, and the differentiated symbiotic microbiota under the influence of environmental factors. Our exploration investigates the intrinsic mechanisms linking the microbiota and its host. Furthermore, we have also provided a comprehensive review of the immune mechanisms by which microbiota are implicated in the development of lung cancer. Dysbiosis of the respiratory microbiota can promote or inhibit tumor progression through various mechanisms, including DNA damage and genomic instability, activation and regulation of the innate and adaptive immune systems, and stimulation of epithelial cells leading to the upregulation of carcinogenesis-related pathways.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2024.1296295","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,2]],"date-time":"2024-02-02T04:47:47Z","timestamp":1706849267000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Symbiotic microbial communities in various locations of the lung cancer respiratory tract along with potential host immunological processes affected"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Jiuling","family":"Cheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lujia","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huaqi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23020977","article-title":"Lung microbiome in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and other interstitial lung diseases","volume":"23","author":"Amati","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.01757","article-title":"PARP1 is up-regulated in non-small cell lung cancer tissues in the presence of the cyanobacterial toxin microcystin","volume":"9","author":"Apopa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1158\/1541-7786.MCR-05-0126","article-title":"Evidence that hydrogen sulfide is a genotoxic agent","volume":"4","author":"Attene-Ramos","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer Res."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/life12091365","article-title":"Sputum microbiome composition in patients with squamous cell lung carcinoma","volume":"12","author":"Baranova","year":"2022","journal-title":"Life (Basel)"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00037-15","article-title":"Analysis of the upper respiratory tract microbiotas as the source of the lung and gastric microbiotas in healthy individuals","volume":"6","author":"Bassis","year":"2015","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arbr.2020.05.017","article-title":"Core microbiota in central lung cancer with streptococcal enrichment as a possible diagnostic marker","volume":"57","author":"Bello","year":"2021","journal-title":"Archivos bronconeumologia"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-020-01392-2","article-title":"Characterisation of microbiota in saliva, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, non-malignant, peritumoural and tumour tissue in non-small cell lung cancer patients: a cross-sectional clinical trial","volume":"21","author":"Bingula","year":"2020","journal-title":"Respir. Res."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/5035371","article-title":"Desired turbulence? Gut-lung axis, immunity, and lung cancer","volume":"2017","author":"Bingula","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Oncol."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1111\/1574-6968.12053","article-title":"Longitudinal analysis of the lung microbiome in lung transplantation","volume":"339","author":"Borewicz","year":"2013","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Lett."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmedr.2018.06.010","article-title":"Estimating lifetime and 10-year risk of lung cancer","volume":"11","author":"Bruder","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prev. Med. Rep."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0177062","article-title":"A pilot study using metagenomic sequencing of the sputum microbiome suggests potential bacterial biomarkers for lung cancer","volume":"12","author":"Cameron","year":"2017","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2012.00448","article-title":"Microbial pathways in colonic sulfur metabolism and links with health and disease","volume":"3","author":"Carbonero","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.11-2501","article-title":"Natural history of pure ground-glass opacity lung nodules detected by low-dose CT scan","volume":"143","author":"Chang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5664","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1319051111","article-title":"T helper 17 cells play a critical pathogenic role in lung cancer","volume":"111","author":"Chang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201104-0655OC","article-title":"Topographical continuity of bacterial populations in the healthy human respiratory tract","volume":"184","author":"Charlson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2719","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2009.27.0454","article-title":"C-reactive protein and risk of lung cancer","volume":"28","author":"Chaturvedi","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/database\/baq013","article-title":"The Human Oral Microbiome Database: a web accessible resource for investigating oral microbe taxonomic and genomic information","volume":"2010","author":"Chen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Database (Oxford)"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.827953","article-title":"A multi-omics study of familial lung cancer: microbiome and host gene expression patterns","volume":"13","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.21037\/tlcr-19-590","article-title":"Characterization of the lung microbiome and exploration of potential bacterial biomarkers for lung cancer","volume":"9","author":"Cheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transl. Lung Cancer Res."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djx267","article-title":"Aspirin and risk of gastric cancer after helicobacter pylori eradication: a territory-wide study","volume":"110","author":"Cheung","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Natl. Cancer Inst"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2017-314605","article-title":"Long-term proton pump inhibitors and risk of gastric cancer development after treatment for Helicobacter pylori: a population-based study","volume":"67","author":"Cheung","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1341","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.29111","article-title":"Gram negative bacteria increase non-small cell lung cancer metastasis via Toll-like receptor 4 activation and mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphorylation","volume":"136","author":"Chow","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.3892\/ijo.2012.1701","article-title":"H. pylori infection and gastric cancer: state of the art (review)","volume":"42","author":"Conteduca","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Oncol."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.10332","article-title":"Environmental and heritable causes of cancer among 9.6 million individuals in the Swedish Family-Cancer Database","volume":"99","author":"Czene","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.30447","article-title":"Estimation of heritability for nine common cancers using data from genome-wide association studies in Chinese population","volume":"140","author":"Dai","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5002","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00542-10","article-title":"The human oral microbiome","volume":"192","author":"Dewhirst","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.201501-029OC","article-title":"Spatial variation in the healthy human lung microbiome and the adapted island model of lung biogeography","volume":"12","author":"Dickson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Am. Thorac. Soc."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-physiol-021115-105238","article-title":"The microbiome and the respiratory tract","volume":"78","author":"Dickson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Physiol."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)61136-3","article-title":"The role of the microbiome in exacerbations of chronic lung diseases","volume":"384","author":"Dickson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2021.103638","article-title":"Convergent alteration of lung tissue microbiota and tumor cells in lung cancer","volume":"25","author":"Dong","year":"2022","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9681","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-66654-x","article-title":"Taxonomic diversity of sputum microbiome in lung cancer patients and its relationship with chromosomal aberrations in blood lymphocytes","volume":"10","author":"Druzhinin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1093\/mutage\/geab004","article-title":"Genetic damage in lymphocytes of lung cancer patients is correlated to the composition of the respiratory tract microbiome","volume":"36","author":"Druzhinin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mutagenesis"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0249832","article-title":"Non-small cell lung cancer microbiota characterization: Prevalence of enteric and potentially pathogenic bacteria in cancer tissues","volume":"16","author":"Dumont-Leblond","year":"2021","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0016384","article-title":"Analysis of the lung microbiome in the \"healthy\" smoker and in COPD","volume":"6","author":"Erb-Downward","year":"2011","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.00052","article-title":"Sensing bacterial-induced DNA damaging effects via natural killer group 2 member D immune receptor: from dysbiosis to autoimmunity and carcinogenesis","volume":"9","author":"Espinoza","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1158\/1940-6207.CAPR-08-0082","article-title":"Development and validation of a lung cancer risk prediction model for African-Americans","volume":"1","author":"Etzel","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cancer Prev. Res. (Phila)"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2019.08.005","article-title":"Inflammasomes: threat-assessment organelles of the innate immune system","volume":"51","author":"Evavold","year":"2019","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1044","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.02.041","article-title":"Toll-like receptors and the control of immunity","volume":"180","author":"Fitzgerald","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21718","article-title":"Cancer statistics for African American\/black people 2022","volume":"72","author":"Giaquinto","year":"2022","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1266","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.111.5.1266","article-title":"Quantitative aspiration during sleep in normal subjects","volume":"111","author":"Gleeson","year":"1997","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3568","article-title":"Lung microbiota promotes tolerance to allergens in neonates via PD-L1","volume":"20","author":"Gollwitzer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12838","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-49195-w","article-title":"Profiling of lung microbiota discloses differences in adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma","volume":"9","author":"Gomes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21093044","article-title":"Airway microbiota as a modulator of lung cancer","volume":"21","author":"Goto","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2022.07.006","article-title":"Microbiota and lung cancer","volume":"86","author":"Goto","year":"2022","journal-title":"Semin. Cancer Biol."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-018-1501-6","article-title":"Interaction between the microbiome and TP53 in human lung cancer","volume":"19","author":"Greathouse","year":"2018","journal-title":"Genome Biol."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1507","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2020-321187","article-title":"Exosomes derived from Fusobacterium nucleatum-infected colorectal cancer cells facilitate tumour metastasis by selectively carrying miR-1246\/92b-3p\/27a-3p and CXCL16","volume":"70","author":"Guo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1763","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/136.7.1763","article-title":"Epigenetic regulation of chromatin structure and gene function by biotin","volume":"136","author":"Hassan","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.jjco.a023218","article-title":"Impact of tumor extent and location on treatment outcome in patients with stage III non-small cell lung cancer treated with radiation therapy","volume":"26","author":"Hayakawa","year":"1996","journal-title":"Jpn J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1038\/nature25183","article-title":"The biology and management of non-small cell lung cancer","volume":"553","author":"Herbst","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0008578","article-title":"Disordered microbial communities in asthmatic airways","volume":"5","author":"Hilty","year":"2010","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1002\/em.22291","article-title":"The respiratory tract microbiome and its relationship to lung cancer and environmental exposures found in rural China","volume":"60","author":"Hosgood","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Mol. Mutagen"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1002\/em.21878","article-title":"The potential role of lung microbiota in lung cancer attributed to household coal burning exposures","volume":"55","author":"Hosgood","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Mol. Mutagen"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/2025636","article-title":"Cigarette smoke induced lung barrier dysfunction, EMT, and tissue remodeling: a possible link between COPD and lung cancer","volume":"2019","author":"Hou","year":"2019","journal-title":"BioMed. Res. Int."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1916623","article-title":"The effect of advances in lung-cancer treatment on population mortality","volume":"383","author":"Howlader","year":"2020","journal-title":"New Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"858","DOI":"10.1111\/1759-7714.14340","article-title":"The airway microbiota of non-small cell lung cancer patients and its relationship to tumor stage and EGFR gene mutation","volume":"13","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Thorac. Cancer"},{"key":"B56","first-page":"2047","article-title":"The characterization of lung microbiome in lung cancer patients with different clinicopathology","volume":"9","author":"Huang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Cancer Res."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2016.108","article-title":"The respiratory tract microbiome and lung inflammation: a two-way street","volume":"10","author":"Huffnagle","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3600","article-title":"Alveolar macrophages: plasticity in a tissue-specific context","volume":"14","author":"Hussell","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(78)90574-0","article-title":"Pharyngeal aspiration in normal adults and patients with depressed consciousness","volume":"64","author":"Huxley","year":"1978","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2003.09.012","article-title":"Results of surgical intervention for p-stage IIIA (N2) non-small cell lung cancer: acceptable prognosis predicted by complete resection in patients with single N2 disease with primary tumor in the upper lobe","volume":"127","author":"Inoue","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-021-01919-1","article-title":"Relationship of the lung microbiome with PD-L1 expression and immunotherapy response in lung cancer","volume":"22","author":"Jang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Respir. Res."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.4046\/trd.2022.0149","article-title":"Subtype-based microbial analysis in non-small cell lung cancer","volume":"86","author":"Jang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Tuberc Respir. Dis."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12017","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.0c02627","article-title":"Free-flow isoelectric focusing for comprehensive separation and analysis of human salivary microbiome for lung cancer","volume":"92","author":"Jiang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2018.12.040","article-title":"Commensal Microbiota Promote Lung Cancer Development via gammadelta T Cells","volume":"176","author":"Jin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4182","DOI":"10.1038\/onc.2017.28","article-title":"IL-17C mediates the recruitment of tumor-associated neutrophils and lung tumor growth","volume":"36","author":"Jungnickel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.4329\/wjr.v9.i6.269","article-title":"Revisions to the Tumor, Node, Metastasis staging of lung cancer (8(th) edition): Rationale, radiologic findings and clinical implications","volume":"9","author":"Kay","year":"2017","journal-title":"World J. Radiol."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2021.07.005","article-title":"Microbiome dysbiosis and epigenetic modulations in lung cancer: From pathogenesis to therapy","volume":"86","author":"Khan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Semin. Cancer Biol."},{"key":"B68","first-page":"2350","article-title":"The microbiome of lung cancer tissue and its association with pathological and clinical parameters","volume":"12","author":"Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Cancer Res."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2005.03.025","article-title":"Biological functions of biotinylated histones","volume":"16","author":"Kothapalli","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines8090349","article-title":"Lung microbiome differentially impacts survival of patients with non-small cell lung cancer depending on tumor stroma phenotype","volume":"8","author":"Kovaleva","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23690","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-02946-0","article-title":"Genetic and immunologic features of recurrent stage I lung adenocarcinoma","volume":"11","author":"Kratz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lungcan.2016.10.016","article-title":"Characterization of microbiome in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of patients with lung cancer comparing with benign mass like lesions","volume":"102","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lung Cancer"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics11030407","article-title":"Microbiota biomarkers for lung cancer","volume":"11","author":"Leng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diagnostics"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-021-00687-0","article-title":"Pattern recognition receptors in health and diseases","volume":"6","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/bgx113","article-title":"Genome-wide interaction study of smoking behavior and non-small cell lung cancer risk in Caucasian population","volume":"39","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1248","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2019-318532","article-title":"A novel faecal Lachnoclostridium marker for the non- invasive diagnosis of colorectal adenoma and cancer","volume":"69","author":"Liang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1038\/s41698-020-00138-z","article-title":"Microbiome dysbiosis in lung cancer: from composition to therapy","volume":"4","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"NPJ Precis Oncol."},{"key":"B78","first-page":"1775","article-title":"Lung tissue microbial profile in lung cancer is distinct from emphysema","volume":"8","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Cancer Res."},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/Spectrum.00802-21","article-title":"Alterations of the human lung and gut microbiomes in non-small cell lung carcinomas and distant metastasis","volume":"9","author":"Lu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2017.09.024","article-title":"Upregulation of bacterial-specific Th1 and Th17 responses that are enriched in CXCR5(+)CD4(+) T cells in non-small cell lung cancer","volume":"52","author":"Ma","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202110-2241OC","article-title":"Lung microbiota and metabolites collectively associate with clinical outcomes in milder stage chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"206","author":"Madapoosi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2017.11.036","article-title":"Interplay between the lung microbiome and lung cancer","volume":"415","author":"Mao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer Lett."},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-022-01544-6","article-title":"Distinct bronchial microbiome precedes clinical diagnosis of lung cancer","volume":"21","author":"Marshall","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2125","DOI":"10.1038\/s41396-019-0410-3","article-title":"High proportions of bacteria are culturable across major biomes","volume":"13","author":"Martiny","year":"2019","journal-title":"ISME J."},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.157915","article-title":"Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid reveals factors contributing to the efficacy of PD-1 blockade in lung cancer","volume":"7","author":"Masuhiro","year":"2022","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2023.106062","article-title":"Crosstalk between the lung microbiome and lung cancer","volume":"178","author":"Meng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microbial Pathogenesis"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.7861\/clinmedicine.17-6-525","article-title":"The lung microbiome in health and disease","volume":"17","author":"Moffatt","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Med. (London England)"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1102873","article-title":"Reduced lung-cancer mortality with low-dose computed tomographic screening","volume":"365","author":"Aberle","year":"2011","journal-title":"N Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1762","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00176-2014","article-title":"Tumour islet Foxp3+ T-cell infiltration predicts poor outcome in nonsmall cell lung cancer","volume":"46","author":"O\u2019Callaghan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1158\/1940-6207.CAPR-10-0180","article-title":"Interleukin 6, but not T helper 2 cytokines, promotes lung carcinogenesis","volume":"4","author":"Ochoa","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cancer Prev. Res. (Phila)"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1532","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.22938","article-title":"Prognostic factors for survival of stage I nonsmall cell lung cancer patients : a population-based analysis of 19,702 stage I patients in the California Cancer Registry from 1989 to 2003","volume":"110","author":"Ou","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtho.2018.04.003","article-title":"Prognostic impact of tumor mutation burden in patients with completely resected non-small cell lung cancer: brief report","volume":"13","author":"Owada-Ozaki","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Oncol."},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2020.01.104","article-title":"Lower airway bacterial microbiome may influence recurrence after resection of early-stage non-small cell lung cancer","volume":"161","author":"Patnaik","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg."},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-18-0966","article-title":"The microbiome in lung cancer tissue and recurrence-free survival","volume":"28","author":"Peters","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev."},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1186\/s13073-022-01126-7","article-title":"The lung microbiome, peripheral gene expression, and recurrence-free survival after resection of stage II non-small cell lung cancer","volume":"14","author":"Peters","year":"2022","journal-title":"Genome Med."},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5116","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-13-0928","article-title":"Identification of transcriptional subgroups in EGFR-mutated and EGFR\/KRAS wild-type lung adenocarcinoma reveals gene signatures associated with patient outcome","volume":"19","author":"Planck","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0047305","article-title":"The lung microbiome in moderate and severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"7","author":"Pragman","year":"2012","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2019.12.007","article-title":"The influence of lung microbiota on lung carcinogenesis, immunity, and immunotherapy","volume":"6","author":"Ramirez-Labrada","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends Cancer"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.3390\/nu3010118","article-title":"Folate production by probiotic bacteria","volume":"3","author":"Rossi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2013.07.012","article-title":"Fusobacterium nucleatum promotes colorectal carcinogenesis by modulating E-cadherin\/beta-catenin signaling via its FadA adhesin","volume":"14","author":"Rubinstein","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/2049-2618-1-19","article-title":"Enrichment of lung microbiome with supraglottic taxa is associated with increased pulmonary inflammation","volume":"1","author":"Segal","year":"2013","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2017.03.003","article-title":"Anaerobic bacterial fermentation products increase tuberculosis risk in antiretroviral-drug-treated HIV patients","volume":"21","author":"Segal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16031","DOI":"10.1038\/nmicrobiol.2016.31","article-title":"Enrichment of the lung microbiome with oral taxa is associated with lung inflammation of a Th17 phenotype","volume":"1","author":"Segal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol."},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smim.2015.03.009","article-title":"PRR-signaling pathways: Learning from microbial tactics","volume":"27","author":"Sellge","year":"2015","journal-title":"Semin. Immunol."},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1038\/s41698-019-0086-1","article-title":"Precision oncology of lung cancer: genetic and genomic differences in Chinese population","volume":"3","author":"Shen","year":"2019","journal-title":"NPJ Precis Oncol."},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21708","article-title":"Cancer statistics 2022","volume":"72","author":"Siegel","year":"2022","journal-title":"CA: A Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222112050","article-title":"Multi-omics study of keystone species in a cystic fibrosis microbiome","volume":"22","author":"Silveira","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1038\/s41385-022-00541-8","article-title":"Lung microbial-host interface through the lens of multi-omics","volume":"15","author":"Singh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol."},{"key":"B109","unstructured":"SocietyA. C.\n          Lung cancer survival rates2022"},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20121849","article-title":"Lung-resident tissue macrophages generate Foxp3+ regulatory T cells and promote airway tolerance","volume":"210","author":"Soroosh","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00314","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.00314-23","article-title":"Characterization of lung and oral microbiomes in lung cancer patients using culturomics and 16S rRNA gene sequencing","volume":"11","author":"Sun","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/s1369-5274(02)00324-7","article-title":"Microbial diversity and function in soil: from genes to ecosystems","volume":"5","author":"Torsvik","year":"2002","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Microbiol."},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3444","article-title":"Gut microbiota metabolism of dietary fiber influences allergic airway disease and hematopoiesis","volume":"20","author":"Trompette","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1188","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201710-2118OC","article-title":"Airway microbiota is associated with upregulation of the PI3K pathway in lung cancer","volume":"198","author":"Tsay","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-20-0263","article-title":"Lower airway dysbiosis affects lung cancer progression","volume":"11","author":"Tsay","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer Discovery"},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2819","DOI":"10.12659\/MSM.915332","article-title":"A preliminary study of microbiota diversity in saliva and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from patients with primary bronchogenic carcinoma","volume":"25","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Monit"},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2021.680287","article-title":"Immune microenvironment signatures as biomarkers to predict early recurrence of stage Ia-b lung cancer","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Oncol."},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201209-1680OC","article-title":"Reestablishment of recipient-associated microbiota in the lung allograft is linked to reduced risk of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome","volume":"187","author":"Willner","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers12061447","article-title":"Comparative analysis of age- and gender-associated microbiome in lung adenocarcinoma and lung squamous cell carcinoma","volume":"12","author":"Wong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2022.892613","article-title":"The microbiome of lower respiratory tract and tumor tissue in lung cancer manifested as radiological ground-glass opacity","volume":"10","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Bioeng Biotechnol."},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1097\/CM9.0000000000002108","article-title":"Cancer statistics in China and United States 2022: profiles, trends, and determinants","author":"Xia","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chin. Med. J. (Engl)"},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms221910872","article-title":"The lung microbiome during health and disease","volume":"22","author":"Yagi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B123","first-page":"3111","article-title":"Discovery and validation of potential bacterial biomarkers for lung cancer","volume":"5","author":"Yan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Cancer Res."},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1158","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00093908","article-title":"Lung cancer gene associated with COPD: triple whammy or possible confounding effect","volume":"32","author":"Young","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-016-1021-1","article-title":"Characterizing human lung tissue microbiota and its relationship to epidemiological and clinical features","volume":"17","author":"Yu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Genome Biol."},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-4598-13-56","article-title":"Tag SNPs in complement receptor-1 contribute to the susceptibility to non-small cell lung cancer","volume":"13","author":"Yu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer"},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrfmmm.2011.08.001","article-title":"Biotin requirements for DNA damage prevention","volume":"733","author":"Zempleni","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mutat. Res."},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6665","DOI":"10.1080\/21655979.2022.2045843","article-title":"Alterations of lung microbiota in patients with non-small cell lung cancer","volume":"13","author":"Zeng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bioengineered"},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1475","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-008-9338-9","article-title":"Increased expression of Toll-like receptors 4 and 9 in human lung cancer","volume":"36","author":"Zhang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Rep."},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1651","DOI":"10.7150\/jca.28077","article-title":"Salivary microbial dysbiosis is associated with systemic inflammatory markers and predicted oral metabolites in non-small cell lung cancer patients","volume":"10","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cancer"},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3005","DOI":"10.1111\/cas.14979","article-title":"Commensal microbiota contributes to predicting the response to immune checkpoint inhibitors in non-small-cell lung cancer patients","volume":"112","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer Sci."},{"key":"B132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2020.531131","article-title":"Microbiome related cytotoxically active CD8+ TIL are inversely associated with lung cancer development","volume":"10","author":"Zheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Oncol."},{"key":"B133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1158\/2326-6066.CIR-16-0073","article-title":"Myeloid STAT3 promotes lung tumorigenesis by transforming tumor immunosurveillance into tumor-promoting inflammation","volume":"5","author":"Zhou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol. Res."},{"key":"B134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-023-02882-1","article-title":"Microbiota profiles in the saliva, cancerous tissues and its companion paracancerous tissues among Chinese patients with lung cancer","volume":"23","author":"Zhou","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol."},{"key":"B135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2020.01584","article-title":"Characterization of microbiota in cancerous lung and the contralateral non-cancerous lung within lung cancer patients","volume":"10","author":"Zhuo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Oncol."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcimb.2024.1296295\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,2]],"date-time":"2024-02-02T04:47:52Z","timestamp":1706849272000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcimb.2024.1296295\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,2]]},"references-count":135,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fcimb.2024.1296295"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcimb.2024.1296295","relation":{},"ISSN":["2235-2988"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2235-2988","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,2]]},"article-number":"1296295"}}