{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T23:55:43Z","timestamp":1784159743519,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":131,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,10]],"date-time":"2024-04-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1712707200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cutaneous diseases (such as atopic dermatitis, acne, psoriasis, alopecia and chronic wounds) rank as the fourth most prevalent human disease, affecting nearly one-third of the world\u2019s population. Skin diseases contribute to significant non-fatal disability globally, impacting individuals, partners, and society at large. Recent evidence suggests that specific microbes colonising our skin and its appendages are often overrepresented in disease. Therefore, manipulating interactions of the microbiome in a non-invasive and safe way presents an attractive approach for management of skin and hair follicle conditions. Due to its proven anti-microbial and anti-inflammatory effects, blue light (380 \u2013 495nm) has received considerable attention as a possible \u2018magic bullet\u2019 for management of skin dysbiosis. As humans, we have evolved under the influence of sun exposure, which comprise a significant portion of blue light. A growing body of evidence indicates that our resident skin microbiome possesses the ability to detect and respond to blue light through expression of chromophores. This can modulate physiological responses, ranging from cytotoxicity to proliferation. In this review we first present evidence of the diverse blue light-sensitive chromophores expressed by members of the skin microbiome. Subsequently, we discuss how blue light may impact the dialog between the host and its skin microbiome in prevalent skin and hair follicle conditions. Finally, we examine the constraints of this non-invasive treatment strategy and outline prospective avenues for further research. Collectively, these findings present a comprehensive body of evidence regarding the potential utility of blue light as a restorative tool for managing prevalent skin conditions. Furthermore, they underscore the critical unmet need for a whole systems approach to comprehend the ramifications of blue light on both host and microbial behaviour.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2024.1307374","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,10]],"date-time":"2024-04-10T05:09:26Z","timestamp":1712725766000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Illuminating microflora: shedding light on the potential of blue light to modulate the cutaneous microbiome"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Hannah J.","family":"Serrage","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine A.","family":"O\u2019 Neill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natallia E.","family":"Uzunbajakava","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11030614","article-title":"Bacterial pigments and their multifaceted roles in contemporary biotechnology and\u00a0pharmacological applications","volume":"11","author":"Agarwal","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19863","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)47190-1","article-title":"The streptococcal flavoprotein NADH oxidase. II. Interactions of pyridine nucleotides with reduced and oxidized enzyme forms","volume":"264","author":"Ahmed","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-1097.1977.tb07517.x","article-title":"The photoinactivation of the respiratory chain in sarcina luteus (Micrococcus luteus) and protection by endogenous carotenoid","volume":"26","author":"Anwar","year":"1977","journal-title":"Photochem. Photobiol."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.31661\/jbpe.v0i0.599","article-title":"Can light emitted from smartphone screens and taking selfies cause premature aging and wrinkles","volume":"8","author":"Arjmandi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. BioMed. Phys. Eng."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1001\/jamadermatol.2021.2007","article-title":"Psoriasis prevalence in adults in the United States","volume":"157","author":"Armstrong","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Dermatol."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1909","DOI":"10.1007\/s10103-017-2317-4","article-title":"Effect of wavelength and beam width on penetration in light-tissue interaction using computational methods","volume":"32","author":"Ash","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lasers Med. Sci."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1111\/fim.2003.35.issue-1","article-title":"Eradication of Propionibacterium acnes by its endogenic porphyrins after illumination with high intensity blue light","volume":"35","author":"Ashkenazi","year":"2003","journal-title":"FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"B8","first-page":"S115","article-title":"Overview of atopic dermatitis","volume":"23","author":"Avena-Woods","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Manag Care"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8071092","article-title":"Skin bacteria mediate glycerol fermentation to produce electricity and resist UV-B","volume":"8","author":"Balasubramaniam","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.12157","article-title":"The circadian clock is functional in eosinophils and mast cells","volume":"140","author":"Baumann","year":"2013","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.34172\/jlms.2022.69","article-title":"Impact of blue light therapy on wound healing in preclinical and clinical subjects: A systematic review","volume":"13","author":"Bayat","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Lasers Med. Sci."},{"key":"B12","first-page":"321","article-title":"Antibiotic therapy in the management of atopic dermatitis","volume":"150","author":"Belloni Fortina","year":"2015","journal-title":"G Ital Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.2172\/5986936","article-title":"Simple solar spectral model for direct and diffuse irradiance on horizontal and tilted planes at the earth's surface for cloudless atmospheres","volume":"25","author":"Bird","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1747.1998.00345.x","article-title":"Psoriatic plaques exhibit red autofluorescence that is due to protoporphyrin IX","volume":"111","author":"Bissonnette","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Invest. Dermatol."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"036001","DOI":"10.1088\/1478-3975\/ab759a","article-title":"Membrane potentials, oxidative stress and the dispersal response of bacterial biofilms to 405 nm light","volume":"17","author":"Blee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Phys. Biol."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.5114\/ada.2019.82821","article-title":"Staphylococcus aureus: an underestimated factor in the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis","volume":"36","author":"Blicharz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Postepy Dermatol. Alergol"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1002\/cphy.c120006","article-title":"Porphyrin and heme metabolism and the porphyrias","volume":"3","author":"Bonkovsky","year":"2013","journal-title":"Compr. Physiol."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1021\/jz4023738","article-title":"Ultrafast structural dynamics of blsA, a photoreceptor from the pathogenic bacterium acinetobacter baumannii","volume":"5","author":"Brust","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. Letters"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1002\/lsm.22673","article-title":"A new path in defining light parameters for hair growth: Discovery and modulation of photoreceptors in human hair follicle","volume":"49","author":"Buscone","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lasers Surg. Med."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.14231","article-title":"Cryptochrome 1 is modulated by blue light in human keratinocytes and exerts positive impact on human hair growth","volume":"30","author":"Buscone","year":"2021","journal-title":"Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro.2017.157","article-title":"The human skin microbiome","volume":"16","author":"Byrd","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2023.113281","article-title":"Variable staphyloxanthin production by Staphylococcus aureus drives strain-dependent effects on diabetic wound-healing outcomes","volume":"42","author":"Campbell","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2023.113281","article-title":"Bright light therapy: seasonal affective disorder and beyond","volume":"32","author":"Campbell","year":"2017","journal-title":"Einstein J. Biol. Med."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox7080098","article-title":"Targeting oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in the treatment of impaired wound healing: A systematic review","volume":"7","author":"Cano Sanchez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Antioxidants (Basel)"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.834135","article-title":"The human skin microbiome in selected cutaneous diseases","volume":"12","author":"Carmona-Cruz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infection Microbiol."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9040739","article-title":"Natural pigments of bacterial origin and their possible biomedical applications","volume":"9","author":"Celed\u00f3n","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.589726","article-title":"Skin and gut microbiome in psoriasis: gaining insight into the pathophysiology of it and finding novel therapeutic strategies","volume":"11","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4950","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00204-06","article-title":"Staphyloxanthin plays a role in the fitness of Staphylococcus aureus and its ability to cope with oxidative stress","volume":"74","author":"Clauditz","year":"2006","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines9030236","article-title":"The potential relevance of the microbiome to hair physiology and regeneration: the emerging role of metagenomics","volume":"9","author":"Constantinou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1007\/s40257-023-00789-1","article-title":"Targeting inflammation in acne: current treatments and future prospects","volume":"24","author":"Cruz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Dermatol."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0116623","article-title":"Point-of-care autofluorescence imaging for real-time sampling and treatment guidance of bioburden in chronic wounds: first-in-human results","volume":"10","author":"DaCosta","year":"2015","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1451","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11081451","article-title":"Carotenoids in human skin in vivo: antioxidant and photo-protectant role against external and internal stressors","volume":"11","author":"Darvin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Antioxidants (Basel)"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0058299","article-title":"Pyocyanin facilitates extracellular DNA binding to pseudomonas aeruginosa influencing cell surface properties and aggregation","volume":"8","author":"Das","year":"2013","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro1789","article-title":"An increasing threat in hospitals: multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii","volume":"5","author":"Dijkshoorn","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6943","DOI":"10.3390\/s21206943","article-title":"Effect of blue light on acne vulgaris: A systematic review","volume":"21","author":"Diogo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sensors (Basel)"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1900030","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.201900030","article-title":"Photolysis of staphyloxanthin in methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus potentiates killing by reactive oxygen species","volume":"6","author":"Dong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Sci. (Weinh)"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.13296","article-title":"Skin microbiome and acne vulgaris: Staphylococcus, a new actor in acne","volume":"26","author":"Dreno","year":"2017","journal-title":"Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2413","DOI":"10.1002\/1873-3468.14192","article-title":"The circadian clock and diseases of the skin","volume":"595","author":"Duan","year":"2021","journal-title":"FEBS Letters"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1111\/pcmr.12273","article-title":"Differences in visible light-induced pigmentation according to wavelengths: a clinical and histological study in comparison with UVB exposure","volume":"27","author":"Duteil","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pigment Cell Melanoma Res."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2019.12.047","article-title":"Short-term exposure to blue light emitted by electronic devices does not worsen melasma","volume":"83","author":"Duteil","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jrras.2014.10.007","article-title":"Biosynthesis of pyocyanin pigment by Pseudomonas aeruginosa","volume":"8","author":"El-Fouly","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Radiat. Res. Appl. Sci."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.12193","article-title":"Blue light irradiation suppresses dendritic cells activation in vitro","volume":"22","author":"Fischer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.23736\/S2784-8671.21.07067-5","article-title":"Effectiveness of Blue light photobiomodulation therapy in the treatment of chronic wounds. Results of the Blue Light for Ulcer Reduction (B.L.U.R.) Study","volume":"157","author":"Fraccalvieri","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ital J. Dermatol. Venerol."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(89)80398-5","article-title":"Analysis of plasma histamine levels in patients with mast cell disorders","volume":"87","author":"Friedman","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E1442","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1509428113","article-title":"Functional and topological diversity of LOV domain photoreceptors","volume":"113","author":"Glantz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.4103\/0019-5154.74539","article-title":"Comparison of anxiety and depression in patients with acne vulgaris and healthy individuals","volume":"55","author":"Golchai","year":"2010","journal-title":"Indian J. Dermatol."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1007\/s10103-006-0420-z","article-title":"Acne and PDT: new techniques with lasers and light sources","volume":"22","author":"Gold","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lasers Med. Sci."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-220103-5.50008-8","article-title":"1 - Optical Spectra and Electronic Structure of Porphyrins and Related Rings","volume-title":"The Porphyrins","author":"Gouterman","year":"1978"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.01.08.898668","article-title":"Bacterial carotenoids suppress Caenorhabditis elegans surveillance and defence of translational dysfunction","author":"Govindan","year":"2020","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/s13756-019-0470-1","article-title":"The potential of visible blue light (405 nm) as a novel decontamination strategy for carbapenemase-producing enterobacteriaceae (CPE)","volume":"8","author":"Halstead","year":"2019","journal-title":"Antimicrobial Resistance Infection Control."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1122","DOI":"10.1002\/jbio.201670113","article-title":"Photobiomodulation or low-level laser therapy","volume":"9","author":"Hamblin","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Biophotonics"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.905606","article-title":"The microbicidal potential of visible blue light in clinical medicine and public health","volume":"9","author":"Haridas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Med."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4081\/ltj.2023.314","article-title":"Spectra of pathogens predict lethality of blue light photo-inactivation","volume":"30","author":"Harris","year":"2023","journal-title":"Laser Ther."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1007\/s11046-019-00345-8","article-title":"Investigation on microecology of hair root fungi in androgenetic alopecia patients","volume":"184","author":"Huang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1186\/s13578-023-01072-w","article-title":"The updates and implications of cutaneous microbiota in acne","volume":"13","author":"Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Biosci."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.1007\/s11274-013-1552-5","article-title":"Pyocyanin: production, applications, challenges and new insights","volume":"30","author":"Jayaseelan","year":"2014","journal-title":"World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00700-19","article-title":"Interdependency of respiratory metabolism and phenazine-associated physiology in pseudomonas aeruginosa PA14","volume":"202","author":"Jo","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00023","DOI":"10.1128\/mSphere.00023-15","article-title":"Strain-level differences in porphyrin production and regulation in propionibacterium acnes elucidate disease associations","volume":"1","author":"Johnson","year":"2016","journal-title":"mSphere"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb-2019-0279","article-title":"In vitro detection of porphyrin-producing wound bacteria with real-time fluorescence imaging","volume":"15","author":"Jones","year":"2020","journal-title":"Future Microbiol."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102621","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2021.102621","article-title":"Detection of nosocomial pneumonia pathogens using a fluorescence-based device","volume":"37","author":"Jung","year":"2022","journal-title":"Photodiagnosis Photodyn. Ther."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.01407-22","article-title":"Light\/dark and temperature cycling modulate metabolic electron flow in pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms","volume":"13","author":"Kahl","year":"2022","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1186\/s13223-018-0281-6","article-title":"Atopic dermatitis","volume":"14","author":"Kapur","year":"2018","journal-title":"Allergy Asthma Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.4103\/0019-5154.82505","article-title":"Cutaneous manifestations in brucellosis","volume":"56","author":"Karaali","year":"2011","journal-title":"Indian J. Dermatol."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3924","DOI":"10.3390\/app9183924","article-title":"Modular diversity of the BLUF proteins and their potential for the development of diverse optogenetic tools","volume":"9","author":"Kaushik","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Sci. [Internet]"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1147609","article-title":"Microbiology. A bacterial pathogen sees the light","volume":"317","author":"Kennis","year":"2007","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e01652","DOI":"10.1128\/genomeA.01652-16","article-title":"Draft genome sequences of dermacoccus nishinomiyaensis strains UCD-KPL2534 and UCD-KPL2528 isolated from an indoor track facility","volume":"5","author":"Klein","year":"2017","journal-title":"Genome Announc."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2017.7451","article-title":"Evaluating cell metabolism through autofluorescence imaging of NAD(P)H and FAD","volume":"30","author":"Kolenc","year":"2019","journal-title":"Antioxid Redox Signal."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.131029.111","article-title":"Temporal shifts in the skin microbiome associated with disease flares and treatment in children with atopic dermatitis","volume":"22","author":"Kong","year":"2012","journal-title":"Genome Res."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1531","DOI":"10.1002\/ejic.201100089","article-title":"Strongly phosphorescent iridium(III)-porphyrins - new oxygen indicators with tuneable photophysical properties and functionalities","volume":"2011","author":"Koren","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Inorg Chem."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.48022\/mbl.2205.05010","article-title":"Evaluation of antioxidant potential and UV protective properties of four bacterial pigments","volume":"50","author":"Koshti","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microbiol. Biotechnol. Letters"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.15576","article-title":"The impact of blue light and digital screens on the skin","volume":"22","author":"Kumari","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Cosmetic Dermatol."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17030425","article-title":"Nocturnal pruritus: the battle for a peaceful night's sleep","volume":"17","author":"Lavery","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1186\/s40814-022-01058-4","article-title":"Trialling a microbiome-targeted dietary intervention in children with ADHD-the rationale and a non-randomised feasibility study","volume":"8","author":"Lawrence","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pilot Feasibility Stud."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114057","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2021.114057","article-title":"Antimicrobial blue light: A \u2018Magic Bullet\u2019 for the 21st century and beyond","volume":"180","author":"Leanse","year":"2022","journal-title":"Advanced Drug Delivery Rev."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8070987","article-title":"Potential role of the microbiome in acne: A comprehensive review","volume":"8","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.5114\/ada.2021.107931","article-title":"Prospective 3-month study on the efficacy of UV-free blue light in mild psoriasis vulgaris treatment","volume":"38","author":"Lesiak","year":"2021","journal-title":"Postepy Dermatologii i Alergologii."},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1111\/pde.13376","article-title":"Rapid, successful treatment of atopic dermatitis recalcitrant to topical corticosteroids","volume":"35","author":"Lewis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatr. Dermatol."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2009.194","article-title":"Blue-light irradiation regulates proliferation and differentiation in human skin cells","volume":"130","author":"Liebmann","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Invest. Dermatol."},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1719","DOI":"10.1007\/s10103-021-03327-9","article-title":"Blue light-emitting diodes in hair regrowth: the first prospective study","volume":"36","author":"Lodi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lasers Med. Sci."},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-1097.2011.00913.x","article-title":"Old chromophores, new photoactivation paradigms, trendy applications: flavins in blue light-sensing photoreceptors","volume":"87","author":"Losi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Photochem. Photobiol."},{"key":"B81","first-page":"42","article-title":"Circadian rhythm and the skin: A review of the literature","volume":"12","author":"Lyons","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Aesthet Dermatol."},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0781.2002.180208_2.x","article-title":"002Multiple exposures to blue light does not improve psoriasis in patients with elevated endogenous levels of protoporphyrin IX","volume":"18","author":"Maari","year":"2002","journal-title":"Photodermatol. Photoimmunol. Photomed."},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2092","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2010.95","article-title":"Impact of long-wavelength UVA and visible light on melanocompetent skin","volume":"130","author":"Mahmoud","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Invest. Dermatol."},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2021.03.002","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of UV application for superficial infections in humans: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"21","author":"Marasini","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ocular Surface."},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111719","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2019.111702","article-title":"Pulsed 450 nm blue light significantly inactivates Propionibacterium acnes more than continuous wave blue light","volume":"202","author":"Masson-Meyers","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Photochem. Photobiol. B: Biol."},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-04053-6","article-title":"High-frequency and intrinsically stretchable polymer diodes","volume":"600","author":"Matsuhisa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.2009.160.issue-3","article-title":"Chronic urticaria: an internet survey of health behaviours, symptom patterns and treatment needs in European adult patients","volume":"160","author":"Maurer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.5114\/ada.2021.106197","article-title":"The microbiome of the human skin and its variability in psoriasis and atopic dermatitis","volume":"38","author":"Mazur","year":"2021","journal-title":"Postepy Dermatol. Alergol."},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-016-0729-5","article-title":"The effects of low-intensity narrow-band blue-light treatment compared to bright white-light treatment in sub-syndromal seasonal affective disorder","volume":"16","author":"Meesters","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.4103\/0972-0464.142394","article-title":"Antioxidant, antibacterial, and ultraviolet-protective properties of carotenoids isolated from Micrococcus spp","volume":"36","author":"Mohana","year":"2013","journal-title":"Radiat. Prot. Environment"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6336","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00917-10","article-title":"The opportunistic human pathogen Acinetobacter baumannii senses and responds to light","volume":"192","author":"Mussi","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112651","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2023.112651","article-title":"Optimal blue light irradiation conditions for the treatment of acne vulgaris in a mouse model","volume":"239","author":"Nakayama","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Photochem. Photobiol. B: Biol."},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.01113","article-title":"Fungal and bacterial pigments: secondary metabolites with wide applications","volume":"8","author":"Narsing Rao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1007\/s12551-017-0258-6","article-title":"Seeing the light with BLUF proteins","volume":"9","author":"Park","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biophys. Rev."},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1811","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01421-08","article-title":"Virulence potential of Escherichia coli isolates from skin and soft tissue infections","volume":"47","author":"Petkovsek","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1659","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-010-2509-3","article-title":"Metabolism and function of phenazines in bacteria: impacts on the behaviour of bacteria in the environment and biotechnological processes","volume":"86","author":"Pierson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17011","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2017.11","article-title":"Alopecia areata","volume":"3","author":"Pratt","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10.1128","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.GPP3-0007-2018","article-title":"Group B streptococcus (Streptococcus agalactiae)","volume":"7","author":"Raabe","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1601","DOI":"10.2337\/dc21-2218","article-title":"The use of point-of-care bacterial autofluorescence imaging in the management of diabetic foot ulcers: A pilot randomized controlled trial","volume":"45","author":"Rahma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2016.02.011","article-title":"Cytotoxic responses to 405nm light exposure in mammalian and bacterial cells: Involvement of reactive oxygen species","volume":"33","author":"Ramakrishnan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Toxicol. Vitro"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"932","DOI":"10.1111\/1574-6976.12071","article-title":"Group B streptococcal haemolysin and pigment, a tale of twins","volume":"38","author":"Rosa-Fraile","year":"2014","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1016\/j.saa.2006.04.027","article-title":"pH-Induced changes in electronic absorption and fluorescence spectra of phenazine derivatives","volume":"66","author":"Ryazanova","year":"2007","journal-title":"Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Mol. Biomolecular Spectrosc."},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.3390\/life11070670","article-title":"Blue light in dermatology","volume":"11","author":"Sadowska","year":"2021","journal-title":"Life (Basel)"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1860","DOI":"10.3390\/genes13101860","article-title":"How our microbiome influences the pathogenesis of alopecia areata","volume":"13","author":"S\u00e1nchez-Pellicer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Genes (Basel)"},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1877","DOI":"10.1039\/c9pp00089e","article-title":"Under the spotlight: mechanisms of photobiomodulation concentrating on blue and green light","volume":"18","author":"Serrage","year":"2019","journal-title":"Photochem. Photobiol. Sci."},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2018.08.007","article-title":"Decreased efficacy of UV inactivation of Staphylococcus aureus after multiple exposure and growth cycles","volume":"222","author":"Shoults","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Hygiene Environ. Health"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.2174\/0929867311320040007","article-title":"Porphyrin metabolisms in human skin commensal Propionibacterium acnes bacteria: potential application to monitor human radiation risk","volume":"20","author":"Shu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Chem."},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.1007143","article-title":"Phenotypic and genomic assessment of the potential threat of human spaceflight-relevant Staphylococcus capitis isolates under stress conditions","volume":"13","author":"Siems","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/frmbi.2023.1102315","article-title":"Exploring associations between skin, the dermal microbiome, and ultraviolet radiation: advancing possibilities for next-generation sunscreens","volume":"2","author":"Smith","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Microbiomes"},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1431","DOI":"10.1007\/s10103-018-2584-8","article-title":"Photodynamic and photobiological effects of light-emitting diode (LED) therapy in dermatological disease: an update","volume":"33","author":"Sorbellini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lasers Med. Sci."},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102575","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2021.102575","article-title":"Porphyrins produced by acneic Cutibacterium acnes strains activate the inflammasome by inducing K(+) leakage","volume":"24","author":"Spittaels","year":"2021","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1875","DOI":"10.1177\/2047487318800072","article-title":"Blue light exposure decreases systolic blood pressure, arterial stiffness, and improves endothelial function in humans","volume":"25","author":"Stern","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Prev. Cardiol."},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1090","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1144306","article-title":"Blue-light-activated histidine kinases: two-component sensors in bacteria","volume":"317","author":"Swartz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4080","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.1c13121","article-title":"Slow conformational changes of blue light sensor BLUF proteins in milliseconds","volume":"144","author":"Tokonami","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Society"},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.499409","article-title":"The BLUF-EAL protein YcgF acts as a direct anti-repressor in a blue-light response of Escherichia coli","volume":"23","author":"Tschowri","year":"2009","journal-title":"Genes Dev."},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00566","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00566-20","article-title":"Light Modulates Important Pathogenic Determinants and Virulence in ESKAPE Pathogens Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"203","author":"Tuttobene","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jbio.202200257","article-title":"Highlighting nuances of blue light phototherapy: Mechanisms and safety considerations","volume":"16","author":"Uzunbajakava","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Biophotonics"},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.648554","article-title":"Biofilm-innate immune interface: contribution to chronic wound formation","volume":"12","author":"Versey","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jbio.201900102","article-title":"The inner clock-Blue light sets the human rhythm","volume":"12","author":"Wahl","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Biophotonics"},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-013-5394-8","article-title":"Staphylococcus epidermidis in the human skin microbiome mediates fermentation to inhibit the growth of Propionibacterium acnes: implications of probiotics in acne vulgaris","volume":"98","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3606","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00396-11","article-title":"Phenazine-1-carboxylic acid promotes bacterial biofilm development via ferrous iron acquisition","volume":"193","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2017.05.016","article-title":"Protoporphyrin IX fluorescence as potential indicator of psoriasis severity and progression","volume":"19","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Photodiagnosis Photodyn. Ther."},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-018-0001-z","article-title":"Atopic dermatitis","volume":"4","author":"Weidinger","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1089\/wound.2020.1319","article-title":"Advanced wound diagnostics: toward transforming wound care into precision medicine","volume":"11","author":"Weigelt","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Wound Care (New Rochelle)"},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdermsci.2012.04.001","article-title":"The antifungal effect of light emitting diode on Malassezia yeasts","volume":"67","author":"Wi","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Dermatol. Sci."},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-021-01082-1","article-title":"Diurnal variation in the human skin microbiome affects accuracy of forensic microbiome matching","volume":"9","author":"Wilkins","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fragi.2023.1217635","article-title":"Behaviour and sun exposure in holidaymakers alters skin microbiota composition and diversity","volume":"4","author":"Willmott","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Aging"},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2018.01658","article-title":"Changes of intracellular porphyrin, reactive oxygen species, and fatty acids profiles during inactivation of methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus by antimicrobial blue light","volume":"9","author":"Wu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.02231-14","article-title":"Staphylococcus epidermidis SrrAB regulates bacterial growth and biofilm formation differently under toxic and microaerobic conditions","volume":"197","author":"Wu","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-014-0358-z","article-title":"Dendritic cells during Staphylococcus aureus infection: subsets and roles","volume":"12","author":"Wu","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.00598","article-title":"Genetic and virulent difference between pigmented and non-pigmented staphylococcus aureus","volume":"9","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcimb.2024.1307374\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,10]],"date-time":"2024-04-10T05:09:33Z","timestamp":1712725773000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcimb.2024.1307374\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,10]]},"references-count":131,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fcimb.2024.1307374"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcimb.2024.1307374","relation":{},"ISSN":["2235-2988"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2235-2988","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,10]]},"article-number":"1307374"}}