{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:11:46Z","timestamp":1787026306292,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,19]],"date-time":"2024-02-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1708300800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ER1-143489"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ER1-143489"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are heterogenous cell-derived membrane-bound structures which can be subdivided into three distinct classes according to distinct morphological characteristics, cellular origins, and functions. Small EVs, or exosomes, can be produced by the protozoan parasite\n                      <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>\n                      through the evolutionarily conserved ESCRT pathway, and act as effectors of virulence and drivers of pathogenesis within mammalian hosts. Techniques for the identification of EVs of non-mammalian origin, however, remain inaccurate in comparison to their well-characterized mammalian counterparts. Thus, we still lack reliable and specific markers for\n                      <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>\n                      -derived exosomes, which poses a significant challenge to the field.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Herein, we utilized serial differential ultracentrifugation to separate\n                      <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>\n                      -derived EV populations into three distinct fractions. Nanoparticle tracking analysis and transmission electron microscopy were used to validate their morphological characteristics, and bioinformatic analysis of LC-MS\/MS proteomics corroborated cellular origins and function.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Proteomic data indicated potential novel proteic markers of\n                      <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>\n                      -derived exosomes, including proteins involved in endosomal machinery and the ESCRT pathway, as well as the parasitic phosphatase PRL-1. Further investigation is required to determine the specificity and sensitivity of these markers.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2024.1354636","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,18]],"date-time":"2024-02-18T23:58:34Z","timestamp":1708300714000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Identification of potential novel proteomic markers of Leishmania spp.-derived exosomes"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Alonso","family":"da Silva Lira Filho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Lafleur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcelo","family":"Marcet-Palacios","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Olivier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"D115","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkh131","article-title":"UniProt: the universal protein knowledgebase","volume":"32","author":"Apweiler","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2015.09.058","article-title":"Exosome secretion by the parasitic protozoan Leishmania within the sand fly midgut","volume":"13","author":"Atayde","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2007.04.003","article-title":"Transmission of Leishmania metacyclic promastigotes by phlebotomine sand flies","volume":"37","author":"Bates","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. 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