{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,30]],"date-time":"2026-05-30T00:30:35Z","timestamp":1780101035071,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,5]],"date-time":"2024-03-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709596800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Salmonella enterica<\/jats:italic> is a food-borne pathogen able to cause a wide spectrum of diseases ranging from mild gastroenteritis to systemic infections. During almost all stages of the infection process <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> is likely to be exposed to a wide variety of host-derived antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). AMPs are important components of the innate immune response which integrate within the bacterial membrane, thus forming pores which lead ultimately to bacterial killing. In contrast to other AMPs Bactericidal\/Permeability-increasing Protein (BPI) displayed only weak bacteriostatic or bactericidal effects towards <jats:italic>Salmonella enterica<\/jats:italic> sv. Typhimurium (STM) cultures. Surprisingly, we found that sub-antimicrobial concentrations of BPI fold-containing (BPIF) superfamily members mediated adhesion of STM depending on pre-formed type 1 fimbriae. BPIF proteins directly bind to type 1 fimbriae through mannose-containing oligosaccharide modifications. Fimbriae decorated with BPIF proteins exhibit extended binding specificity, allowing for bacterial adhesion on a greater variety of abiotic and biotic surfaces likely promoting host colonization. Further, fimbriae significantly contributed to the resistance against BPI, probably through sequestration of the AMP before membrane interaction. In conclusion, functional subversion of innate immune proteins of the BPIF family through binding to fimbriae promotes <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> virulence by survival of host defense and promotion of host colonization.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2024.1375887","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,5]],"date-time":"2024-03-05T05:07:52Z","timestamp":1709615272000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Subversion of a family of antimicrobial proteins by Salmonella enterica"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Roman G.","family":"Gerlach","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irene","family":"Wittmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lena","family":"Heinrich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olaf","family":"Pinkenburg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Torben","family":"Meyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Elpers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christiane","family":"Schmidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Hensel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Markus","family":"Schnare","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4708","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.02066-05","article-title":"Expression and antimicrobial function of bactericidal permeability-increasing protein in cystic fibrosis patients","volume":"74","author":"Aichele","year":"2006","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23437","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M702037200","article-title":"Interdomain interaction in the FimH adhesin of Escherichia coli regulates the affinity to mannose","volume":"282","author":"Aprikian","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7770","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02593-13","article-title":"Induction of the Cpx envelope stress pathway contributes to Escherichia coli tolerance to antimicrobial peptides","volume":"79","author":"Audrain","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2005.05.030","article-title":"Recognition of antimicrobial peptides by a bacterial sensor kinase","volume":"122","author":"Bader","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1862","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.64.5.1862-1865.1996","article-title":"Contribution of fimbrial operons to attachment to and invasion of epithelial cell lines by Salmonella typhimurium","volume":"64","author":"B\u00e4umler","year":"1996","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1007\/s00418-010-0683-0","article-title":"Human LPLUNC1 is a secreted product of goblet cells and minor glands of the respiratory and upper aerodigestive tracts","volume":"133","author":"Bingle","year":"2010","journal-title":"Histochem. Cell Biol."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0015763","article-title":"Rapid and highly efficient method for scarless mutagenesis within the Salmonella enterica chromosome","volume":"6","author":"Blank","year":"2011","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.2002.03121.x","article-title":"Differential binding to and biofilm formation on, HEp-2 cells by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium is dependent upon allelic variation in the fimH gene of the fim gene cluster","volume":"45","author":"Boddicker","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2114","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btu170","article-title":"Trimmomatic: a flexible trimmer for Illumina sequence data","volume":"30","author":"Bolger","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.02768","article-title":"Bactericidal\/permeability-increasing protein is an enhancer of bacterial lipoprotein recognition","volume":"9","author":"B\u00fclow","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2284","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2006.03.013","article-title":"Structural and functional insights into the assembly of type 1 pili from Escherichia coli","volume":"8","author":"Capitani","year":"2006","journal-title":"Microbes Infect."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20011547","article-title":"Salmonella pathogenicity island 2 mediates protection of intracellular Salmonella from reactive nitrogen intermediates","volume":"195","author":"Chakravortty","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-1119(95)00193-a","article-title":"Gene disruption in Escherichia coli: TcR and KmR cassettes with the option of Flp-catalyzed excision of the antibiotic-resistance determinant","volume":"158","author":"Cherepanov","year":"1995","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2016.08.013","article-title":"Inflammation-Induced Adhesin-Receptor Interaction Provides a Fitness Advantage to Uropathogenic E. coli during Chronic Infection","volume":"20","author":"Conover","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2005.04578.x","article-title":"The alternative sigma factor \u03c3E is required for resistance of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium to anti-microbial peptides","volume":"56","author":"Crouch","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6640","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.120163297","article-title":"One-step inactivation of chromosomal genes in Escherichia coli K-12 using PCR products","volume":"97","author":"Datsenko","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2013.09.005","article-title":"The crystal structure of lipopolysaccharide binding protein reveals the location of a frequent mutation that impairs innate immunity","volume":"39","author":"Eckert","year":"2013","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02757-19","article-title":"Factors Required for Adhesion of Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium to Corn Salad (Valerianella locusta)","volume":"86","author":"Elpers","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/s0952-7915(98)80030-7","article-title":"Role of the bactericidal\/permeability-increasing protein in host defence","volume":"10","author":"Elsbach","year":"1998","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Immunol."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1589","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.56.6.1589-1592.1988","article-title":"Lipopolysaccharide structure determines ionic and hydrophobic binding of a cationic antimicrobial neutrophil granule protein","volume":"56","author":"Farley","year":"1988","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4894","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00505-10","article-title":"Antimicrobial peptides activate the Rcs regulon through the outer membrane lipoprotein RcsF","volume":"192","author":"Farris","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4754","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.60.11.4754-4761.1992","article-title":"High-affinity binding of the bactericidal\/permeability-increasing protein and a recombinant amino-terminal fragment to the lipid A region of lipopolysaccharide","volume":"60","author":"Gazzano-Santoro","year":"1992","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2007.03.017","article-title":"Protein secretion systems and adhesins: the molecular armory of Gram-negative pathogens","volume":"297","author":"Gerlach","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbapap.2004.01.001","article-title":"PLUNC in human nasal lavage fluid: multiple isoforms that bind to lipopolysaccharide","volume":"1699","author":"Ghafouri","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1835","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.183.6.1835-1842.2001","article-title":"The pleiotropic two-component regulatory system PhoP-PhoQ","volume":"183","author":"Groisman","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16755","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0803815105","article-title":"Induction of group A Streptococcus virulence by a human antimicrobial peptide","volume":"105","author":"Gryllos","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6369","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.178.21.6369-6373.1996","article-title":"Transcriptional regulation of Salmonella virulence: a PhoQ periplasmic domain mutation results in increased net phosphotransfer to PhoP","volume":"178","author":"Gunn","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6139","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.68.11.6139-6146.2000","article-title":"Genetic and functional analysis of a PmrA-PmrB-regulated locus necessary for lipopolysaccharide modification, antimicrobial peptide resistance, and oral virulence of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium","volume":"68","author":"Gunn","year":"2000","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.2006\/000331-0","article-title":"Adhesin-dependent binding and uptake of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium by dendritic cells","volume":"153","author":"Guo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Microbiol. (Reading)."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10326","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-10598-2","article-title":"Functional expression of the entire adhesiome of Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium","volume":"7","author":"Hansmeier","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08529","article-title":"Uptake through glycoprotein 2 of FimH+ bacteria by M cells initiates mucosal immune response","volume":"462","author":"Hase","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2018.00043","article-title":"High-throughput quantification of bacterial-cell interactions using virtual colony counts","volume":"8","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Cell Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1042\/BST0391045","article-title":"The bactericidal\/permeability-increasing protein (BPI) in the innate defence of the lower airways","volume":"39","author":"Holweg","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biochem. Soc. Trans."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4654","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.72.8.4654-4661.2004","article-title":"Role of the two-component regulator CpxAR in the virulence of Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium","volume":"72","author":"Humphreys","year":"2004","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1357","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.2003.03507.x","article-title":"The use of flow cytometry to detect expression of subunits encoded by 11 Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium fimbrial operons","volume":"48","author":"Humphries","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10973","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.94.20.10973","article-title":"An opsonic function of the neutrophil bactericidal\/permeability-increasing protein depends on both its N- and C-terminal domains","volume":"94","author":"Iovine","year":"1997","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-13-115","article-title":"Extracellular DNA-induced antimicrobial peptide resistance in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium","volume":"13","author":"Johnson","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1001010","article-title":"Uropathogenic Escherichia coli modulates immune responses and its curli fimbriae interact with the antimicrobial peptide LL-37","volume":"6","author":"Kai-Larsen","year":"2010","journal-title":"PloS Pathog."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002733","article-title":"Evolution of Salmonella enterica virulence via point mutations in the fimbrial adhesin","volume":"8","author":"Kisiela","year":"2012","journal-title":"PloS Pathog."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2011.08.004","article-title":"Contribution of different placental cells to the expression and stimulation of antimicrobial proteins (AMPs)","volume":"32","author":"Klaffenbach","year":"2011","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2011.08.013","article-title":"Quantitation of SPLUNC1 in saliva with an xMAP particle-based antibody capture and detection immunoassay","volume":"57","author":"Kohlgraf","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch. Oral. Biol."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2013.11.010","article-title":"An infection-relevant transcriptomic compendium for Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium","volume":"14","author":"Kr\u00f6ger","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16669","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0607898104","article-title":"Expression of flagella is coincident with uropathogenic Escherichia coli ascension to the upper urinary tract","volume":"104","author":"Lane","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0304159","article-title":"A murine antibacterial ortholog to human bactericidal\/permeability-increasing protein (BPI) is expressed in testis, epididymis, and bone marrow","volume":"77","author":"Lennartsson","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9469","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0702159104","article-title":"Gram-positive three-component antimicrobial peptide-sensing system","volume":"104","author":"Li","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.1038\/35101614","article-title":"Complete genome sequence of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium LT2","volume":"413","author":"McClelland","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.01388-07","article-title":"The leucine-responsive regulatory protein, Lrp, activates transcription of the fim operon in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium via the fimZ regulatory gene","volume":"190","author":"McFarland","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00581-10","article-title":"Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium binds to HeLa cells via Fim-mediated reversible adhesion and irreversible type three secretion system 1-mediated docking","volume":"79","author":"Misselwitz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2007.05657.x","article-title":"Recognition of the N-terminal lectin domain of FimH adhesin by the usher FimD is required for type 1 pilus biogenesis","volume":"64","author":"Munera","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1038\/265623a0","article-title":"Adherence of Escherichia coli to human mucosal cells mediated by mannose receptors","volume":"265","author":"Ofek","year":"1977","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1159\/000219377","article-title":"Bacterial sensing of antimicrobial peptides","volume":"16","author":"Otto","year":"2009","journal-title":"Contrib. Microbiol."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro1441","article-title":"The co-evolution of host cationic antimicrobial peptides and microbial resistance","volume":"4","author":"Peschel","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0156929","article-title":"The human antimicrobial protein bactericidal\/permeability-increasing protein (BPI) inhibits the infectivity of influenza A virus","volume":"11","author":"Pinkenburg","year":"2016","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1016\/j.str.2008.01.013","article-title":"Infinite kinetic stability against dissociation of supramolecular protein complexes through donor strand complementation","volume":"16","author":"Puorger","year":"2008","journal-title":"Structure"},{"key":"B55","volume-title":"R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing","year":"2019"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2012.00102","article-title":"Cationic antimicrobial peptides serve as activation signals for the Salmonella Typhimurium PhoPQ and PmrAB regulons in vitro and in vivo","volume":"2","author":"Richards","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front. Cell Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4154","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.175.13.4154-4164.1993","article-title":"Spontaneous pmrA mutants of Salmonella typhimurium LT2 define a new two-component regulatory system with a possible role in virulence","volume":"175","author":"Roland","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.1998.00791.x","article-title":"Multicellular and aggregative behaviour of Salmonella typhimurium strains is controlled by mutations in the agfD promoter","volume":"28","author":"R\u00f6mling","year":"1998","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5767","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00624-10","article-title":"Role of cross talk in regulating the dynamic expression of the flagellar Salmonella pathogenicity island 1 and type 1 fimbrial genes","volume":"192","author":"Saini","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.103.2.207","article-title":"Nutrition of the host and natural resistance to infection. V. An improved assay employing genetic markers in the double strain inoculation test","volume":"103","author":"Schneider","year":"1956","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11591","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1609981113","article-title":"Grad-seq guides the discovery of ProQ as a major small RNA-binding protein","volume":"113","author":"Smirnov","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.1989.tb00253.x","article-title":"Molecular characterization of the proU loci of Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli encoding osmoregulated glycine betaine transport systems","volume":"3","author":"Stirling","year":"1989","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-014-0572-2","article-title":"De novo assembly of bacterial transcriptomes from RNA-seq data","volume":"16","author":"Tjaden","year":"2015","journal-title":"Genome Biol."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2803","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.66.6.2803-2808.1998","article-title":"Multiple fimbrial adhesins are required for full virulence of Salmonella typhimurium in mice","volume":"66","author":"van der Velden","year":"1998","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-0940-9_2","article-title":"Adhesive mechanisms of Salmonella enterica","volume":"715","author":"Wagner","year":"2011","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-1119(91)90366-J","article-title":"Construction of versatile low-copy-number vectors for cloning, sequencing and gene expression in Escherichia coli","volume":"100","author":"Wang","year":"1991","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1637","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.901001","article-title":"Identification of novel small RNAs using comparative genomics and microarrays","volume":"15","author":"Wassarman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Genes Dev."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.150.1.253","article-title":"Human granulocytes express a 55-kDa lipopolysaccharide-binding protein on the cell surface that is identical to the bactericidal\/permeability-increasing protein","volume":"150","author":"Weersink","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2664","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(17)40872-6","article-title":"Purification and characterization of a potent bactericidal and membrane active protein from the granules of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes","volume":"253","author":"Weiss","year":"1978","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"XVI, 260","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-24277-4","volume-title":"ggplot2: Elegant Graphics for Data Analysis","author":"Wickham","year":"2016"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10311","DOI":"10.1021\/bi970177e","article-title":"Mechanisms of action of bactericidal\/permeability-increasing protein BPI on reconstituted outer membranes of gram-negative bacteria","volume":"36","author":"Wiese","year":"1997","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7546","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.180.11.7546","article-title":"Murine bactericidal\/permeability-increasing protein inhibits the endotoxic activity of lipopolysaccharide and gram-negative bacteria","volume":"180","author":"Wittmann","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2018.04.014","article-title":"Human enteric \u03b1-defensin 5 promotes shigella infection by enhancing bacterial adhesion and invasion","volume":"48","author":"Xu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Immunity"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcimb.2024.1375887\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,5]],"date-time":"2024-03-05T05:07:58Z","timestamp":1709615278000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcimb.2024.1375887\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,5]]},"references-count":73,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fcimb.2024.1375887"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcimb.2024.1375887","relation":{},"ISSN":["2235-2988"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2235-2988","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,5]]},"article-number":"1375887"}}