{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T03:04:25Z","timestamp":1792033465725,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,3]],"date-time":"2024-04-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1712102400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Toxoplasma gondii<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>) is a significant protozoan pathogen among food animals. Despite the threat to public health by <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic> infections, there\u2019s limited understanding of its seroprevalence and trends in food animals across mainland China. This study aimed to estimate the seroprevalence of <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic> infections among swine, sheep, goats, chickens, and cattle in mainland China from 2010 to 2023.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We searched cross-sectional studies published between 2010 and 2023 that reported the prevalence of <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic> in food animals from databases including PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, China Biology Medicine Disc (CBM), China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Wanfang data, and the China Science and Technology Journal Database (CQVIP). We performed subgroup analyses to explore the impact of different factors on the seroprevalence of <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>. Pooled estimates of <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic> seroprevalence were calculated with a random-effects model.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>An analysis of 184 studies involving 211985 animals revealed a <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic> overall seroprevalence of 15.3% (95% CI: 13.1-17.8). Although the seroprevalence of food animals across mainland China was relatively stable from 2010 to 2023, notable variations were observed across different animal types and regions (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.01), along with changes in geographical distribution. Sample type, detection method, animal age, and history of abortion were identified as key risk factors for <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic> seroprevalence.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The study conducted a meta-analysis on the seroprevalence of <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic> in mainland China\u2019s Food Animals from 2010 to 2023, and identified key risk factors. These findings advance our understanding of <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic> infection dynamics, offering critical insights for developing control strategies and guiding public health policies.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2024.1381537","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,3]],"date-time":"2024-04-03T04:35:41Z","timestamp":1712118941000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Deciphering the epidemiological dynamics: Toxoplasma gondii seroprevalence in mainland China\u2019s food animals, 2010-2023"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Zipeng","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linchong","family":"Nie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qingyuan","family":"Wen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haoxin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liulu","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yining","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xun","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiu-Xiang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zi-Guo","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2014.11.013","article-title":"Climate change, human health, and epidemiological transition","volume":"70","author":"Barrett","year":"2015","journal-title":"Prev. Med."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3085","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2017.1352563","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii infection and food consumption: A systematic review and meta-analysis of case-controlled studies","volume":"58","author":"Belluco","year":"2018","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1910","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.13919","article-title":"Risks of introduction and economic consequences associated with African swine fever, classical swine fever and foot-and-mouth disease: A review of the literature","volume":"68","author":"Brown","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transbound Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1073","DOI":"10.1016\/s2468-2667(22)00224-9","article-title":"The 2022 China report of the Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: leveraging climate actions for healthy ageing","volume":"7","author":"Cai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Public Health"},{"key":"B5","unstructured":"STATISTICAL COMMUNIQU\u00c9 OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ON THE 2022 NATIONAL ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT2023"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6218","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-24361-8","article-title":"Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in pregnant women and livestock in the mainland of China: a systematic review and hierarchical meta-analysis","volume":"8","author":"Deng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.02108","article-title":"Prevalence, risk factors, and genotypes of toxoplasma gondii in food animals and humans, (2000-2017) from China","volume":"9","author":"Dong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2009.05.026","article-title":"Emerging food-borne parasites","volume":"163","author":"Dorny","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2009.01.005","article-title":"History of the discovery of the life cycle of Toxoplasma gondii","volume":"39","author":"Dubey","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"B10","volume-title":"Toxoplasmosis of animals and humans","author":"Dubey","year":"2010"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1082","DOI":"10.1645\/ge-683.1","article-title":"Prevalence of viable Toxoplasma gondii in beef, chicken, and pork from retail meat stores in the United States: risk assessment to consumers","volume":"91","author":"Dubey","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Parasitol."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.315.7109.629","article-title":"Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test","volume":"315","author":"Egger","year":"1997","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2019.04.012","article-title":"The global seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in pigs: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"269","author":"Foroutan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"B14","first-page":"63","article-title":"Changes in Chinese residents food consumption based on food equivalent","volume":"24","author":"Gao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Nutr. China"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1863-2378.2009.01281.x","article-title":"Statistical evaluation of test accuracy studies for Toxoplasma gondii in food animal intermediate hosts","volume":"57","author":"Gardner","year":"2010","journal-title":"Zoonoses Public Health"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.39489.470347.AD","article-title":"GRADE: an emerging consensus on rating quality of evidence and strength of recommendations","volume":"336","author":"Guyatt","year":"2008","journal-title":"Bmj"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1007\/s10393-022-01575-x","article-title":"A meta-analysis of the prevalence of toxoplasmosis in livestock and poultry worldwide","volume":"19","author":"Hajimohammadi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ecohealth"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.327.7414.557","article-title":"Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses","volume":"327","author":"Higgins","year":"2003","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/s0147-9571(96)00038-0","article-title":"Toxoplasmosis: comparative species susceptibility and host immune response","volume":"20","author":"Innes","year":"1997","journal-title":"Comp. Immunol. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.2471\/blt.19.245803","article-title":"Evidence of behaviour change during an Ebola virus disease outbreak, Sierra Leone","volume":"98","author":"Jalloh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bull. World Health Organ"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cis508","article-title":"Foodborne toxoplasmosis","volume":"55","author":"Jones","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a008942","article-title":"Risk factors for Toxoplasma gondii infection in pregnancy. Results of a prospective case-control study in Norway","volume":"144","author":"Kapperud","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2018.5495","article-title":"Public health risks associated with food-borne parasites","volume":"16","author":"Koutsoumanis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Efsa J."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2020.110622","article-title":"Climate change and mortality evolution in China","volume":"267","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manage"},{"key":"B25","first-page":"151","article-title":"[Distribution of food-borne parasitic diseases and dietary habits in human population in Guangxi]","volume":"27","author":"Li","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chin. J. Parasitol. Parasitic Dis."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v13122552","article-title":"Prevention and control strategies of african swine fever and progress on pig farm repopulation in China","volume":"13","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/foods11162542","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii in foods: prevalence, control, and safety","volume":"11","author":"Mar\u00edn-Garc\u00eda","year":"2022","journal-title":"Foods"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1965","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(04)16412-x","article-title":"Toxoplasmosis","volume":"363","author":"Montoya","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2020.580425","article-title":"Influence of the host and parasite strain on the immune response during toxoplasma infection","volume":"10","author":"Mukhopadhyay","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Cell Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.01825","article-title":"Sixty years, (1957-2017) of research on toxoplasmosis in China-an overview","volume":"8","author":"Pan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2694","DOI":"10.1111\/brv.12774","article-title":"Post COVID-19: a solution scan of options for preventing future zoonotic epidemics","volume":"96","author":"Petrovan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biol. Rev. Camb Philos. Soc."},{"key":"B32","unstructured":"Blue Book on Climate Change of China unveiled2023"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1128\/cmr.05013-11","article-title":"Epidemiology of and diagnostic strategies for toxoplasmosis","volume":"25","author":"Robert-Gangneux","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2014.09.002","article-title":"Animals are key to human toxoplasmosis","volume":"304","author":"Schl\u00fcter","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.13536","article-title":"The ongoing crises in China illustrate that the assessment of epidemics in isolation is no longer sufficient","volume":"67","author":"Stoffel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transbound Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31706","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2010115117","article-title":"Livestock plants and COVID-19 transmission","volume":"117","author":"Taylor","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.1016\/s0020-7519(00)00124-7","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii: from animals to humans","volume":"30","author":"Tenter","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-6-273","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii prevalence in food animals and rodents in different regions of China: isolation, genotyping and mouse pathogenicity","volume":"6","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2021.05.016","article-title":"The prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in sheep in China: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"138","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(16)32124-9","article-title":"The Lancet Countdown: tracking progress on health and climate change","volume":"389","author":"Watts","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2009.02.004","article-title":"Toxoplasmosis: A history of clinical observations","volume":"39","author":"Weiss","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22238","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-49491-6","article-title":"The trends of disease burden due to high temperature in Mainland China from 1990 to 2019 and its prediction to 2030","volume":"13","author":"Zheng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18020745","article-title":"Exploring the relationship between rising temperatures and the number of climate-related natural disasters in China","volume":"18","author":"Zhu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcimb.2024.1381537\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,3]],"date-time":"2024-04-03T04:35:48Z","timestamp":1712118948000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcimb.2024.1381537\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,3]]},"references-count":43,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fcimb.2024.1381537"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcimb.2024.1381537","relation":{},"ISSN":["2235-2988"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2235-2988","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,3]]},"article-number":"1381537"}}