{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T16:56:13Z","timestamp":1789836973953,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,24]],"date-time":"2024-04-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1713916800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010661","name":"Horizon 2020 Framework Programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010661","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012818","name":"Comunidad de Madrid","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012818","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010665","name":"H2020 Marie Sk\u0142odowska-Curie Actions","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010665","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008725","name":"Agencia Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n e Innovaci\u00f3n","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010784","name":"Banco Santander","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010784","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>The clinical consequences of toxoplasmosis are greatly dependent on the <jats:italic>Toxoplasma gondii<\/jats:italic> strain causing the infection. To better understand its epidemiology and design appropriate control strategies, it is important to determine the strain present in infected animals. Serotyping methods are based on the detection of antibodies that react against segments of antigenic proteins presenting strain-specific polymorphic variations, offering a cost-effective, sensitive, and non-invasive alternative to genotyping techniques. Herein, we evaluated the applicability of a panel of peptides previously characterized in mice and humans to serotype sheep and pigs. To this end, we used 51 serum samples from experimentally infected ewes (32 type II and 19 type III), 20 sheep samples from naturally infected sheep where the causative strain was genotyped (18 type II and 2 type III), and 40 serum samples from experimentally infected pigs (22 type II and 18 type III). Our ELISA test results showed that a combination of GRA peptide homologous pairs can discriminate infections caused by type II and III strains of <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic> in sheep and pigs. Namely, the GRA3-I\/III-43 <jats:italic>vs<\/jats:italic>. GRA3-II-43, GRA6-I\/III-213 <jats:italic>vs.<\/jats:italic> GRA6-II-214 and GRA6-III-44 <jats:italic>vs.<\/jats:italic> GRA6-II-44 ratios showed a statistically significant predominance of the respective strain-type peptide in sheep, while in pigs, in addition to these three peptide pairs, GRA7-II-224 <jats:italic>vs.<\/jats:italic> GRA7-III-224 also showed promising results. Notably, the GRA6-44 pair, which was previously deemed inefficient in mice and humans, showed a high prediction capacity, especially in sheep. By contrast, GRA5-38 peptides failed to correctly predict the strain type in most sheep and pig samples, underpinning the notion that individual standardization is needed for each animal species. Finally, we recommend analyzing for each animal at least 2 samples taken at different time points to confirm the obtained results.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2024.1384393","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,24]],"date-time":"2024-04-24T04:55:49Z","timestamp":1713934549000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["A combination of GRA3, GRA6 and GRA7 peptides offer a useful tool for serotyping type II and III Toxoplasma gondii infections in sheep and pigs"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"David","family":"Arranz-Sol\u00eds","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leandro R.","family":"Tana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eduardo","family":"Tejerina-de-Uribe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nadia Mar\u00eda","family":"L\u00f3pez-Ure\u00f1a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Br\u030cetislav","family":"Koudela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda E.","family":"Francia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luis Miguel","family":"Ortega-Mora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gema","family":"\u00c1lvarez-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1007\/s10393-019-01405-7","article-title":"The one health approach to toxoplasmosis: epidemiology, control, and prevention strategies","volume":"16","author":"Aguirre","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ecohealth"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2020.10.019","article-title":"Foodborne transmission of Toxoplasma gondii infection in the last decade. 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