{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T18:33:26Z","timestamp":1792002806553,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,23]],"date-time":"2024-08-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724371200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>There is increasing focus on HIV-1 CRF55_01B in China. However, there is limited information regarding the dissemination of CRF55_01B across different regions and populations in Guangxi. This study was performed to elucidate the evolutionary history of the introduction and dissemination of CRF55_01B in Guangxi.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Molecular network and phylogenetic analyses were used to investigate the transmission characteristics of CRF55_01B in China. The analyses particularly focused on the cross-provincial spatial and temporal transmission patterns between Guangdong Province and Guangxi, as well as the transmission dynamics among different regions and populations within Guangxi.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>In total, 2226 partial <jats:italic>pol<\/jats:italic> sequences of CRF55_01B strains sampled from 2007 to 2022 were collected, including 1895 (85.09%) sequences from Guangdong, 199 (8.94%) sequences from Guangxi, and 172 (7.59%) sequences from other provinces of China. Most people living with HIV in Guangxi were infected with HIV-1 through heterosexuals (52.76%). Among these, 19.10% had a history of commercial heterosexual contact (CHC) and 15.58% had a history of non-marital non-commercial heterosexual contact (NMNCHC). Overall, 1418 sequences were identified in the molecular network. Notably, the sequences from Guangdong Province were most closely linked to those from Guangxi. Phylogenetic analysis showed that CRF55_01B was first introduced from Shenzhen City to Nanning City around 2007. Subsequently, CRF55_01B established local transmission within Guangxi, with Nanning City serving as the transmission center from 2008 to 2017. After 2017, the CRF55_01B strain spread to other regions of Guangxi. Men who have sex with men (MSM) and men with a history of CHC have played a significant role in the transmission of CRF55_01B among different populations in Guangxi.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study provides evidence on the transmission trajectory of CRF55_01B among different regions and populations in Guangxi. Given the bridging role of men with a history of CHC in the dissemination of CRF55_01B from MSM to the general population, it is imperative to enhance surveillance among key populations to mitigate the secondary transmission of HIV-1.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2024.1391215","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,23]],"date-time":"2024-08-23T06:02:02Z","timestamp":1724392922000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Men with a history of commercial heterosexual contact play essential roles in the transmission of HIV-1 CRF55_01B from men who have sex with men to the general population in Guangxi, China"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Tong","family":"Luo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huayue","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dee","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ping","family":"Cen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shanmei","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cai","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuan","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiaxiao","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanyan","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rongjing","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zeyu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhifeng","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bingyu","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"W580","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gks498","article-title":"FastML: a web server for probabilistic reconstruction of ancestral sequences","volume":"40","author":"Ashkenazy","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1097\/COH.0000000000000534","article-title":"HIV subtype diversity worldwide","volume":"14","author":"Bbosa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. HIV AIDS."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1177\/0956462419853376","article-title":"Offering choice in female condoms: The South African experience","volume":"30","author":"Beksinska","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. STD AIDS."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2167","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msw082","article-title":"SpreaD3: interactive visualization of spatiotemporal history and trait evolutionary processes","volume":"33","author":"Bielejec","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2021.1888659","article-title":"Epidemiological profile and molecular genetic characterization of HIV-1 among female sex workers and elderly male clients in Guangxi, China","volume":"10","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Emerg. Microbes Infect."},{"key":"B6","volume-title":"Guangdong: Rapid increase in HIV transmission among men who have sex with men","author":"Daily","year":"2016"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.46234\/ccdcw2021.086","article-title":"Spatial analysis of people living with HIV\/AIDS transmitted through commercial heterosexual contact or non-marital non-commercial heterosexual contact - China, 2018","volume":"3","author":"Dong","year":"2021","journal-title":"China CDC Wkly."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2021.1884004","article-title":"The prevalence of CRF55_01B among HIV-1 strain and its connection with traffic development in China","volume":"10","author":"Gan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Emerg. Microbes Infect."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.824178","article-title":"Spatiotemporal patterns of CRF07_BC in China: A population-based study of the HIV strain with the highest infection rates","volume":"13","author":"Gan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/genomeA.00050-12","article-title":"Genome Sequences of a Novel HIV-1 Circulating Recombinant Form, CRF55_01B, Identified in China","volume":"1","author":"Han","year":"2013","journal-title":"Genome Announc"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1022","DOI":"10.46234\/ccdcw2021.249","article-title":"Research progress in the epidemiology of HIV\/AIDS in China","volume":"3","author":"He","year":"2021","journal-title":"China CDC Wkly."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S1218","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jir538","article-title":"sex work, and civil society in China","author":"Kaufman","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1812","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msy016","article-title":"HIV-TRACE (TRAnsmission cluster engine): a tool for large scale molecular epidemiology of HIV-1 and other rapidly evolving pathogens","volume":"35","author":"Kosakovsky Pond","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1674-3806.2021.10.01","article-title":"Review and prospect of comprehensive AIDS prevention, control and management in Guangxi","volume":"14","author":"Lan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chin. J. New Clin. Med."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1000520","article-title":"Bayesian phylogeography finds its roots","volume":"5","author":"Lemey","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS Comput. Biol."},{"key":"B16","volume-title":"DETECTING AND RESPONDING TO HIV transmission clusters A GUIDE FOR HEALTH DEPARTMENTS","year":"2018"},{"key":"B17","unstructured":"Network\n              G. S. I.\n            \n          \n          In 2022, Guangdong's permanent population will continue to rank first in the country and grow steadily 2023\n          \n          2023"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000000809","article-title":"Using molecular HIV surveillance data to understand transmission between subpopulations in the United States","volume":"70","author":"Oster","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1093\/sysbio\/syy032","article-title":"Posterior summarization in bayesian phylogenetics using tracer 1.7","volume":"67","author":"Rambaut","year":"2018","journal-title":"Syst. Biol."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"vew007","DOI":"10.1093\/ve\/vew007","article-title":"Exploring the temporal structure of heterochronous sequences using TempEst (formerly Path-O-Gen)","volume":"2","author":"Rambaut","year":"2016","journal-title":"Virus Evol."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"vey016","DOI":"10.1093\/ve\/vey016","article-title":"Bayesian phylogenetic and phylodynamic data integration using BEAST 1.10","volume":"4","author":"Suchard","year":"2018","journal-title":"Virus Evol."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1089\/apc.2013.0161","article-title":"Sex with women among men who have sex with men in China: prevalence and sexual practices","volume":"27","author":"Tao","year":"2013","journal-title":"AIDS Patient Care STDS."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"850132","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/850132","article-title":"Sexual risk behaviors and HIV infection among men who have sex with men and women in China: evidence from a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"2015","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"BioMed. Res. Int."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2020.0190","article-title":"Phylogenetic analysis of sequences in the HIV database revealed multiple potential circulating recombinant forms in China","volume":"37","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1186\/s12977-021-00567-z","article-title":"Impact of HIV-1 CRF55_01B infection on the evolution of CD4 count and plasma HIV RNA load in men who have sex with men prior to antiretroviral therapy","volume":"18","author":"Wei","year":"2021","journal-title":"Retrovirology."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5098","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-61870-x","article-title":"Tracing the transmission dynamics of HIV-1 CRF55_01B","volume":"10","author":"Zai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1007\/s11904-019-00477-y","article-title":"HIV\/AIDS among female sex workers in China: epidemiology and recent prevention strategies","volume":"17","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. HIV\/AIDS Rep."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e65","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000000144","article-title":"Origin and outbreak of HIV-1 CRF55_01B among MSM in Shenzhen, China","volume":"66","author":"Zhao","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(13)70245-7","article-title":"HIV prevalence in China: integration of surveillance data and a systematic review","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-021-06912-z","article-title":"Simple-to-use nomogram for predicting the risk of syphilis among MSM in Guangdong Province: results from a serial cross-sectional study","volume":"21","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcimb.2024.1391215\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,23]],"date-time":"2024-08-23T06:02:09Z","timestamp":1724392929000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcimb.2024.1391215\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,23]]},"references-count":30,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fcimb.2024.1391215"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcimb.2024.1391215","relation":{},"ISSN":["2235-2988"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2235-2988","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,23]]},"article-number":"1391215"}}