{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T16:35:06Z","timestamp":1790354106675,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,20]],"date-time":"2024-06-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1718841600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007219","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai Municipality","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007219","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81673478"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81673478"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Cryptococcus neoformans<\/jats:italic> is at the top of the list of \u201cmost wanted\u201d human pathogens. Only three classes of antifungal drugs are available for the treatment of cryptococcosis. Studies on antifungal resistance mechanisms are limited to the investigation of how a particular antifungal drug induces resistance to a particular drug, and the impact of stresses other than antifungals on the development of antifungal resistance and even cross-resistance is largely unexplored. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a ubiquitous subcellular organelle of eukaryotic cells. Brefeldin A (BFA) is a widely used chemical inducer of ER stress. Here, we found that both weak and strong selection by BFA caused aneuploidy formation in <jats:italic>C. neoformans<\/jats:italic>, mainly disomy of chromosome 1, chromosome 3, and chromosome 7. Disomy of chromosome 1 conferred cross-resistance to two classes of antifungal drugs: fluconazole and 5-flucytosine, as well as hypersensitivity to amphotericin B. However, drug resistance was unstable, due to the intrinsic instability of aneuploidy. We found overexpression of <jats:italic>AFR1<\/jats:italic> on Chr1 and <jats:italic>GEA2<\/jats:italic> on Chr3 phenocopied BFA resistance conferred by chromosome disomy. Overexpression of <jats:italic>AFR1<\/jats:italic> also caused resistance to fluconazole and hypersensitivity to amphotericin B. Furthermore, a strain with a deletion of <jats:italic>AFR1<\/jats:italic> failed to form chromosome 1 disomy upon BFA treatment. Transcriptome analysis indicated that chromosome 1 disomy simultaneously upregulated <jats:italic>AFR1<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>ERG11<\/jats:italic>, and other efflux and <jats:italic>ERG<\/jats:italic> genes. Thus, we posit that BFA has the potential to drive the rapid development of drug resistance and even cross-resistance in <jats:italic>C. neoformans<\/jats:italic>, with genome plasticity as the accomplice.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2024.1397724","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,20]],"date-time":"2024-06-20T04:35:51Z","timestamp":1718858151000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Aneuploidy underlies brefeldin A-induced antifungal drug resistance in Cryptococcus neoformans"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Zhi-hui","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liu-liu","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bu-qing","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheng-lin","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ming-xing","family":"Miao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Feng","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yong-bing","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tian-hua","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1186\/s13073-014-0100-8","article-title":"YMAP: a pipeline for visualization of copy number variation and loss of heterozygosity in eukaryotic pathogens","volume":"6","author":"Abbey","year":"2014","journal-title":"Genome Med."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01900-18","article-title":"ERG6 and ERG2 Are major targets conferring reduced susceptibility to amphotericin B in clinical candida glabrata isolates in Kuwait","volume":"63","author":"Ahmad","year":"2019","journal-title":"Antimicrob. 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