{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T12:22:54Z","timestamp":1787314974064,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,13]],"date-time":"2024-05-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1715558400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021R1I1A3A04037486, 2021R1A2C1008368"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021R1I1A3A04037486, 2021R1A2C1008368"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Staphylococcus epidermidis<\/jats:italic>\n                    stand as notorious threats to human beings owing to the myriad of infections they cause. The bacteria readily form biofilms that help in withstanding the effects of antibiotics and the immune system. Intending to combat the biofilm formation and reduce the virulence of the pathogens, we investigated the effects of carotenoids, crocetin, and crocin, on four Staphylococcal strains. Crocetin was found to be the most effective as it diminished the biofilm formation of\n                    <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ATCC 6538 significantly at 50 \u00b5g\/mL without exhibiting bactericidal effect (MIC &amp;gt;800 \u00b5g\/mL) and also inhibited the formation of biofilm by MSSA 25923 and\n                    <jats:italic>S. epidermidis<\/jats:italic>\n                    at a concentration as low as 2 \u00b5g\/mL, and that by methicillin-resistant\n                    <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    MW2 at 100 \u00b5g\/mL. It displayed minimal to no antibiofilm efficacy on the Gram-negative strains\n                    <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    O157:H7 and\n                    <jats:italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                    as well as a fungal strain of\n                    <jats:italic>Candida albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                    . It could also curb the formation of fibrils, which partly contributes to the biofilm formation in\n                    <jats:italic>S. epidermidis<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Additionally, the ADME analysis of crocetin proclaims how relatively non-toxic the chemical is. Also, crocetin displayed synergistic antibiofilm characteristics in combination with tobramycin. The presence of a polyene chain with carboxylic acid groups at its ends is hypothesized to contribute to the strong antibiofilm characteristics of crocetin. These findings suggest that using apocarotenoids, particularly crocetin might help curb the biofilm formation by\n                    <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>S. epidermidis.<\/jats:italic>\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2024.1404960","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,13]],"date-time":"2024-05-13T00:30:31Z","timestamp":1715560231000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Antibiofilm activity of carotenoid crocetin against Staphylococcal strains"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Saurav","family":"Paramanya","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jin-Hyung","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jintae","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.1001865","article-title":"Inhibition of growth, biofilm formation, virulence, and surface attachment of Agrobacterium tumefaciens by cinnamaldehyde derivatives","volume":"13","author":"Ahmed","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. 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