{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T06:03:04Z","timestamp":1773900184283,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,7]],"date-time":"2025-01-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736208000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) is a cholestatic, autoimmune liver disease with the presence of characteristic autoantibodies. The aim of the work was to determine the level of antibodies directed against bacterial antigens: <jats:italic>Chlamydia pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> (anti-<jats:italic>Cpn), Yersinia enterolitica (<\/jats:italic>anti<jats:italic>-Y.e<\/jats:italic>), <jats:italic>Helicobacter pylori<\/jats:italic> (anti-<jats:italic>Hp<\/jats:italic>), <jats:italic>Mycoplasma pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> (anti- <jats:italic>Mp.<\/jats:italic>) and <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>E.coli<\/jats:italic>) in sera of PBC patients. We also performed <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> studies on the impact of the bacterial peptides on the specific antigen-antibody binding.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method<\/jats:title><jats:p>We screened 92 Polish PBC patients and sera samples from healthy donors and pathological controls. Autoantibodies and anti-bacterial antibodies were determined by commercially available ELISA kits. Specific inhibition of antibody binding was also detected by the in house ELISA method.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Anti-<jats:italic>Cpn<\/jats:italic>, anti-<jats:italic>Y. enterolitica<\/jats:italic>, anti-<jats:italic>Hp<\/jats:italic>, anti-<jats:italic>M. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> and anti-<jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> antibodies were significantly more common in the group of PBC patients than in the pathological and healthy control groups: 74%, 40%, 84%, 39% and 69% respectively. The mean level of anti-<jats:italic>Cpn<\/jats:italic>, anti- <jats:italic>Y.e<\/jats:italic>, anti-<jats:italic>Hp and<\/jats:italic> anti- <jats:italic>M.p<\/jats:italic> in the PBC group was significantly higher than those in the healthy group (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.001). and in patients with other liver diseases. In sera of patients with the presence of positive anti-mitochondrial antibodies (AMA), specific for PBC, anti-bacterial antibodies have been found in 80% vs. 50% in sera with AMA negative. We observed inhibition of specific antigen-antibody binding by the bacterial peptide: EClpP (<jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> caseinolytic protease) and adenine glycosylase from <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> caseinolytic protease P, ClpP <jats:italic>Y.e<\/jats:italic> from peptide of <jats:italic>Y. enterolitica<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Mp<\/jats:italic> PDC from <jats:italic>M. pneumonia<\/jats:italic> peptide and adenine glycosylase of <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>. Bacterial factors influence the specific binding of antibodies to pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDC-E2), gp210 and KLHL12 (kelch-like peptide 12) antigens.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Microbial mimics may be the major targets of cross-reactivity with human pyruvate dehydrogenase, gp210, and KLHL12 in PBC.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2024.1410282","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,7]],"date-time":"2025-01-07T06:55:27Z","timestamp":1736232927000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Antibodies directed against bacterial antigens in sera of Polish patients with primary biliary cholangitis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Alicja","family":"Bauer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrzej","family":"Habior","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2003.11.033","article-title":"Primary biliary cirrhosis: an infectious disease caused by Chlamydia pneumoniae","volume":"40","author":"Abdulkarim","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. 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