{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,2]],"date-time":"2025-11-02T17:44:41Z","timestamp":1762105481698,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,7]],"date-time":"2024-06-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717718400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Toxoplasma gondii<\/jats:italic> is an intracellular parasite of importance to human and veterinary health. The structure and diversity of the genotype population of <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic> varies considerably with respect to geography, but three lineages, type I, II and III, are distributed globally. Lineage III genotypes are the least well characterized in terms of biology, host immunity and virulence. Once a host is infected with <jats:italic>T.gondii<\/jats:italic>, innate immune mechanisms are engaged to reduce the parasite burden in tissues and create a pro-inflammatory environment in which the T<jats:sub>H<\/jats:sub>1 response develops to ensure survival. This study investigated the early cellular immune response of Swiss-Webster mice post intraperitoneal infection with 10 tachyzoites of four distinct non-clonal genotypes of lineage III and a local isolate of ToxoDB#1. The virulence phenotype, cumulative mortality (CM) and allele profiles of ROP5, ROP16, ROP18 and GRA15 were published previously.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Parasite dissemination in different tissues was analyzed by real-time PCR and relative expression levels of IFN\u03b3, IL12-p40, IL-10 and TBX21 in the cervical lymph nodes (CLN), brain and spleen were calculated using the \u0394\u0394Ct method. Stage conversion was determined by detection of the BAG1 transcript in the brain.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Tissue dissemination depends on the virulence phenotype but not CM, while the TBX21 and cytokine levels and kinetics correlate better with CM than virulence phenotype. The earliest detection of BAG1 was seven days post infection. Only infection with the genotype of high CM (69.4%) was associated with high T-bet levels in the CLN 24\u00a0h and high systemic IFN\u03b3 expression which was sustained over the first week, while infection with genotypes of lower CM (38.8%, 10.7% and 6.8%) is characterized by down-regulation and\/or low systemic levels of IFN\u03b3. The response intensity, as assessed by cytokine levels, to the genotype of high CM wanes over time, while it increases gradually to genotypes of lower CM.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The results point to the conclusion that the immune response is not correlated with the virulence phenotype and\/or allele profile, but an early onset, intense pro-inflammatory response is characteristic of genotypes with high CM. Additionally, high IFN\u03b3 level in the brain may hamper stage conversion.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2024.1414067","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,11]],"date-time":"2024-06-11T18:50:55Z","timestamp":1718131855000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Early immune response to Toxoplasma gondii lineage III isolates of different virulence phenotype"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Uzelac","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ivana","family":"Klun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Olgica","family":"Djurkovi\u0107-Djakovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1625","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20020258","article-title":"Transepithelial migration of Toxoplasma gondii is linked to parasite motility and virulence","volume":"195","author":"Barragan","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. 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