{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T12:55:58Z","timestamp":1793451358474,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,21]],"date-time":"2024-11-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732147200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), caused by <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>L.<\/jats:italic>) species, remains a neglected tropical disease in many developing countries. We and others have shown that different <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic> species can alter the gene expression profile of human host cells. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been found to play a role in the pathogenesis of leishmaniasis through dysregulation of transcriptome signatures. Understanding the regulatory roles of lncRNAs in the biological networks involved in leishmaniasis can improve our understanding of the disease.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Herein, we used our previous RNA sequencing data (GSE216638) to investigate the profile of lncRNAs in the skin lesions of <jats:italic>L. tropica<\/jats:italic>-infected patients. We employed the weighted gene correlation network analysis (WGCNA) algorithm to establish co-expression networks of shared genes between CL patients and infer the potential role of lncRNAs in CL patients. We identified hub genes and trans- and cis-acting lncRNAs, and carried out functional enrichment analysis on a key co-expressed module related to <jats:italic>L. tropica<\/jats:italic>-infected patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>We found substantial involvement of lncRNAs in the CL patient dataset. Using the WGCNA method, we classified all included genes into seven modules, with a module (turquoise) being significantly correlated with the studied clinical traits and identified as the key module. This module was mainly involved in the \u201cinterferon gamma signaling\u201d and \u201ccytokine signaling\u201d pathways. We highlighted several lncRNAs and their co-expressed mRNA pairs, like SIRPG-AS1, IL21R-AS1, IL24, and TLDC2, as hub genes of the key module. Quantitative RT-PCR validated the expression of several genes in the lesions of an independent cohort of <jats:italic>L. tropica<\/jats:italic>-infected patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>These findings enhance our understanding of the human skin response to <jats:italic>L. tropica<\/jats:italic> infection. Furthermore, the hub genes identified in this study are worthy of further evaluation as potential targets in the development of more effective treatments and preventive measures for CL caused by <jats:italic>L. tropica<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2024.1416925","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,21]],"date-time":"2024-11-21T06:27:17Z","timestamp":1732170437000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Integrated analysis of lncRNA and mRNA expression profiles in cutaneous leishmaniasis lesions caused by Leishmania tropica"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Shima","family":"Hadifar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nasrin","family":"Masoudzadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bj\u00f6rn","family":"Andersson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hossein","family":"Heydari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vahid","family":"Mashayekhi Goyonlo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammadali","family":"Kerachian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Josefine","family":"Persson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hasan","family":"Rahimi-Tamandegani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reza","family":"Erfanian Salim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sima","family":"Rafati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali M.","family":"Harandi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102748","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2020.102748","article-title":"Host transcriptomic signature as alternative test-of-cure in visceral leishmaniasis patients co-infected with HIV","volume":"55","author":"Adriaensen","year":"2020","journal-title":"EBioMedicine."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106966","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2023.106966","article-title":"Co-expression analysis of lncRNA and mRNA suggests a role for ncRNA-mediated regulation of host-parasite interactions in primary skin lesions of patients with American tegumentary leishmaniasis","volume":"245","author":"Almeida","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eaax4204","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aax4204","article-title":"Variable gene expression and parasite load predict treatment outcome in cutaneous leishmaniasis","volume":"11","author":"Amorim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. 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