{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T17:30:48Z","timestamp":1792690248674,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,19]],"date-time":"2024-06-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1718755200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Due to the high-density farming of\n                      <jats:italic>Larimichthys crocea<\/jats:italic>\n                      over the years, diseases caused by pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, and parasites frequently occur in Ningbo, posing a huge threat and challenge to the sustainable and healthy development of the\n                      <jats:italic>L. crocea\u2019s<\/jats:italic>\n                      bay farming industry. In order to understand the diseases occurrence in\n                      <jats:italic>L. crocea<\/jats:italic>\n                      farming in Ningbo area, an epidemiological investigation of\n                      <jats:italic>L. crocea<\/jats:italic>\n                      diseases was carried out through regular sampling in 2023.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      From April to October 2023, routine sampling of\n                      <jats:italic>L. crocea<\/jats:italic>\n                      was conducted monthly in various farming areas in Ningbo. Each time, live or dying\n                      <jats:italic>L. crocea<\/jats:italic>\n                      with obvious clinical symptoms were sampled, with a total number of 55\n                      <jats:italic>L. crocea<\/jats:italic>\n                      collected. The samples were preserved in ice bags and transported to the laboratory for pathogen detection(including bacterial isolation and identification,virus identification, and parasites detection).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of fifty-five fish dying\n                      <jats:italic>L. crocea<\/jats:italic>\n                      with obvious clinical symptoms were collected in this study, of which 78.18% (43\/55) were detected with symptoms caused by pathogenic infection, while 21.82% (12\/55) did not have identified pathogens, which were presumed to be breeding abrasions, nutritional metabolic disorders, unconventional pathogens infection or other reasons. A total of twenty-five pathogenic bacteria strains were isolated, which mainly were Pseudomonas plecoglossicida and\n                      <jats:italic>Vibrio harveyi<\/jats:italic>\n                      , accounting for 52% (13\/25) and 32% (8\/25) of the pathogenic bacteria strains, respectively. Among them, both\n                      <jats:italic>V. harveyi<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>Streptococcus<\/jats:italic>\n                      . iniae co-infected one fish. Additionally, three other bacterial strains including\n                      <jats:italic>Nocardia seriolae<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Staphylococcus Saprophyticus<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic>Photobacterium damselae<\/jats:italic>\n                      subsp.damselae were isolated. Microscopic examination mainly observed two parasites,\n                      <jats:italic>Cryptocaryon irritans<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>Neobenedenia girellae<\/jats:italic>\n                      . In virus detection, the red sea bream iridovirus (RSIV) was mainly detected in\n                      <jats:italic>L. crocea<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Statistical analysis showed that among the fish with detected pathogens, 55.81% (24\/43) had bacterial infections, 37.21% (16\/43) had parasitic infections, and 37.21% (16\/43) had RSIV infections. Among them, five fish had mixed infections of bacteria and parasites, three had mixed infections of bacteria and viruses, three had mixed infections of parasites and viruses, and one\n                      <jats:italic>L. crocea<\/jats:italic>\n                      had mixed infections of viruses, bacteria, and parasites.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      These findings indicate that these three major types of diseases are very common in the\n                      <jats:italic>L. crocea<\/jats:italic>\n                      farming area in Ningbo, implying the complexity of mixed infections of multiple diseases.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2024.1420995","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,19]],"date-time":"2024-06-19T00:23:46Z","timestamp":1718756626000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Epidemiological investigation on diseases of Larimichthys crocea in Ningbo culture area"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Shengwei","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingfeng","family":"Ge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinxian","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Honglian","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zheng","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guixiang","family":"Tong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/J.AQUACULTURE.2022.739104","article-title":"Dual RNA-seq reveals a host-pathogen interaction transcriptional regulation pattern between Cryptocaryon irritans and large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea)","volume":"565","author":"Bai","year":"2023","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365\u20132761.2003.00494.x","article-title":"Outbreaks of an iridovirus disease in maricultured large yellow croaker, Larimichthys crocea (Richardson), in China","volume":"26","author":"Chen","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. 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