{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,5]],"date-time":"2026-07-05T04:54:22Z","timestamp":1783227262956,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,18]],"date-time":"2024-12-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734480000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study aimed to prepare <jats:italic>Gardenia fructus<\/jats:italic> carbon dots (GF-CDs) and examine their efficacy in mitigating oxidative stress and apoptosis in intestinal porcine epithelial cells from the jejunum (IPEC-J2 cells) induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The GF-CDs were synthesized using a one-step hydrothermal method. The oxidative damage model of IPEC-J2 cells was induced through LPS treatment. The potential mechanism by which GF-CDs affect cellular oxidative damage was examined through the perspectives of apoptosis, reactive oxygen species level, antioxidant-related enzyme index, mRNA transcription of antioxidant-related genes, and the expression of antioxidant proteins. The results revealed that GF-CDs, characterized by particle sizes&amp;lt;7 nm, abundant functional groups, and good water solubility, were synthesized using a one-step hydrothermal method. The carbon spots of <jats:italic>Gardenia fructus<\/jats:italic> at concentrations of 50, 100, and 200 \u03bcg\/mL exhibited protective effects, as evidenced by their ability to enhance viability (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&amp;lt;0.01) and restore cellular morphology after oxidative damage. The GF-CDs decreased oxidative damage and reduced the apoptosis rate of cells by upregulating AKT1 expression and downregulating the expression of Caspase 3, STAT3, TNF-\u03b1, and JNK. These results indicate that GF-CDs have the characteristic physicochemical properties of CDs, exhibit biological activities related to antioxidation and cellular damage mitigation, and may serve as a potential healthcare product in swine raising.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2024.1423760","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,18]],"date-time":"2024-12-18T05:10:54Z","timestamp":1734498654000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Preparation, characterization, and protective effects of Gardenia fructus carbon dots against oxidative damage induced by LPS in IPEC-J2 cells"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Bai-lu","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin-yi","family":"Zang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jia-rong","family":"Mo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruo-yi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Quan-xi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10040525","article-title":"Dietary oxidative distress: A review of nutritional challenges as models for poultry, swine and fish","volume":"10","author":"Bacou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Antioxid. 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