{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T12:31:12Z","timestamp":1787315472895,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,23]],"date-time":"2024-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727049600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100018883","name":"Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100018883","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      There are multiple ongoing outbreaks of carbapenem resistant\n                      <jats:italic>Acinetobacter baumannii<\/jats:italic>\n                      (CR\n                      <jats:italic>Ab<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) infection in Fiji\u2019s hospitals. CR\n                      <jats:italic>Ab<\/jats:italic>\n                      is able to colonize and persist on various hospital surfaces for extended periods. We conducted a study to understand the extent of hospital environmental contamination and phylogenetic links with clinical isolates.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Swabs were collected from high-touch surfaces at Colonial War Memorial Hospital (CWMH) September 2021 and December 2022; Lautoka Hospital (LTKH) August 2022; and Labasa Hospital (LBSH) November 2022. All bacterial isolates were identified, and antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) performed; isolates resistant to carbapenems and producing a carbapenemase underwent whole genome sequencing. Comparison was made to clinical isolates obtained from CWMH in 2016\u20132017 and 2019\u20132021 and from LTKH and LBSH from 2020\u20132021.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      From the 180 environmental samples collected, ten (5.6%) CR\n                      <jats:italic>Ab<\/jats:italic>\n                      were isolated; no other carbapenem-resistant gram-negative organisms were isolated. Seven (70%) of the CR\n                      <jats:italic>Ab<\/jats:italic>\n                      were isolated from CWMH and three (30%) from LTKH; no CR\n                      <jats:italic>Ab<\/jats:italic>\n                      were isolated from LBSH. Of the seven CWMH CR\n                      <jats:italic>Ab<\/jats:italic>\n                      , two were sequence type 2 (ST2), three ST25, and two ST499. All LTKH isolates were ST499. The two environmental CR\n                      <jats:italic>Ab<\/jats:italic>\n                      ST2 isolates were closely genetically linked to isolates obtained from patients in CWMH, LTKH, and LBSH 2020\u20132021. Similarly, the three environmental CR\n                      <jats:italic>Ab<\/jats:italic>\n                      ST25 isolates were closely genetically linked to isolates obtained from patients admitted to CWMH in 2019\u20132021 and LBSH in 2020. The environmental CR\n                      <jats:italic>Ab<\/jats:italic>\n                      ST499 isolates represented two distinct clones, with clone 1 comprising two genetically identical isolates from CWMH and clone 2 the three isolates from LTKH. Although no genetic linkages were observed when comparing environmental ST499 isolates to those from CWMH patients in 2020\u20132021, both clone 1 isolates were genetically identical to an isolate obtained from a patient admitted during the sampling period.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Our study highlights the contamination of high-touch surfaces within Fiji hospitals with CR\n                      <jats:italic>Ab<\/jats:italic>\n                      , suggesting that these may serve as important sources for CR\n                      <jats:italic>Ab<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Phylogenetic linkages to CR\n                      <jats:italic>Ab<\/jats:italic>\n                      isolated from patients since 2019 underscores the persistence of this resistant pathogen in hospital settings and the ongoing risk for hospital-acquired infections.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2024.1429443","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,23]],"date-time":"2024-09-23T01:10:37Z","timestamp":1727053837000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Environmental contamination with carbapenem resistant Acinetobacter baumannii in healthcare settings in Fiji: a potential source of infection"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Sakiusa C.","family":"Baleivanualala","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silivia","family":"Matanitobua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yvette","family":"Samisoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vika","family":"Soqo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shayal","family":"Smita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Josese","family":"Mailulu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ilisapeci","family":"Nabose","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alvina","family":"Lata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christina","family":"Shayam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Radhika","family":"Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donald","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John A.","family":"Crump","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James E.","family":"Ussher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13756-022-01090-2","article-title":"Environmental surveillance of ESBL and carbapenemase-producing gram-negative bacteria in a Ghanaian Tertiary Hospital","volume":"11","author":"Acolatse","year":"2022","journal-title":"Antimicrob. 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