{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T03:39:02Z","timestamp":1781235542608,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,5]],"date-time":"2024-12-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733356800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PJT-159765, CGSD-434616"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PJT-159765, CGSD-434616"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000156","name":"Fonds de Recherche du Qu\u00e9bec - Sant\u00e9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["256926"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["256926"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000156","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>The study of extracellular vesicles has become an incredibly important field of study, but the inherent heterogeneity of these vesicles continues to make their study challenging. The genetic variability and well-documented protocols for the growth and vesicle isolation from <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic> parasites provide a unique opportunity to compare the heterogeneity of different populations secreted by <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic> clones. <jats:italic>Leishmania mexicana<\/jats:italic> was cultured on solid SDM agar plates and 8 clonal colonies were selected. The EVs collected from the liquid cultures of these 8 clones were assessed by NTA, TEM, and proteomic analysis. We found that all 8 clonal <jats:italic>L. mexicana<\/jats:italic> cultures were visually indistinguishable from each other and had similar growth rate, and these physical similarities extended to their EVs. However, proteomic analysis reveals that the EVs collected have unique protein profiles compared to each other and EVs isolated from a heterogeneous liquid culture of <jats:italic>L. mexicana<\/jats:italic>. We selected 3 clonal EVs for further mouse infection experiments and found that EVs from CL7 <jats:italic>L. mexicana<\/jats:italic> consistently caused reduced footpad swelling in C57BL6 mice footpads compared to EVs from CL1, CL8, and heterogenous <jats:italic>L. mexicana<\/jats:italic>. This trend was not observed when infecting Balb\/C mice and C57BL6 with the parasites alone, with only CL1 <jats:italic>L. mexicana<\/jats:italic> causing significantly increased infection in Balb\/c mice. Our results together show that EVs isolated from different clonal colonies of <jats:italic>L. mexicana<\/jats:italic> have distinct differences in protein cargo which can lead to varying outcomes on <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic> infection. Further evaluation will be needed to determine the underlying mechanisms behind this and verify that differences observed in infectivity are directly caused by variations between our <jats:italic>L. mexicana<\/jats:italic> clones, especially genetic sequencing and immunoblotting to validate our results.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2024.1443262","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,5]],"date-time":"2024-12-05T06:28:45Z","timestamp":1733380125000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Unique Leishmania mexicana clones secrete populations of extracellular vesicles with unique protein profile and variable infectious capability"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"George","family":"Dong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"No\u00e9lie","family":"Douanne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"Fernandez-Prada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Olivier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2015.09.058","article-title":"Exosome secretion by the parasitic protozoan leishmania within the sand fly midgut","volume":"13","author":"Atayde","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1007\/s00726-010-0628-x","article-title":"High-abundance proteins depletion for serum proteomic analysis: concomitant removal of non-targeted proteins","volume":"40","author":"Bellei","year":"2011","journal-title":"Amino Acids"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1006\/expr.2000.4541","article-title":"Leishmania mexicana mexicana: genetic heterogeneity of mexican isolates revealed by restriction length polymorphism analysis of kinetoplast DNA","volume":"95","author":"Berzunza-Cruz","year":"2000","journal-title":"Exp. 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