{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T03:02:09Z","timestamp":1779332529665,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,30]],"date-time":"2024-08-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724976000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Tigecycline is a last-resort drug used to treat serious infections caused by multidrug-resistant bacteria. <jats:italic>tet<\/jats:italic>(X4) is a recently discovered plasmid-mediated tigecycline resistance gene that confers high-level resistance to tigecycline and other tetracyclines. Since the first discovery of <jats:italic>tet<\/jats:italic>(X4) in 2019, it has spread rapidly worldwide, and as a consequence, tigecycline has become increasingly ineffective in the clinical treatment of multidrug-resistant infections. In this study, we identified and analyzed <jats:italic>tet<\/jats:italic>(X4)-positive <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic> isolates from duck farms in Hunan Province, China. In total, 976 samples were collected from nine duck farms. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing and whole-genome sequencing (WGS) were performed to establish the phenotypes and genotypes of <jats:italic>tet<\/jats:italic>(X4)-positive isolates. In addition, the genomic characteristics and transferability of <jats:italic>tet<\/jats:italic>(X4) were determined based on bioinformatics analysis and conjugation. We accordingly detected an <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> strain harboring <jats:italic>tet<\/jats:italic>(X4) and seven other resistance genes in duck feces. Multi-locus sequence typing analysis revealed that this isolate belonged to a new clone, and subsequent genetic analysis indicated that <jats:italic>tet<\/jats:italic>(X4) was carried in a 4608-bp circular intermediate, flanked by IS<jats:italic>Vsa3<\/jats:italic>-ORF2-<jats:italic>abh<\/jats:italic> elements. Moreover, it exhibited transferability to <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> C600 with a frequency of 10<jats:sup>-5<\/jats:sup>. The detection of <jats:italic>tet<\/jats:italic>(X4)-harboring <jats:italic>E, coli<\/jats:italic> strains on duck farms enhances our understanding of tigecycline resistance dynamics. The transferable nature of the circular intermediate of <jats:italic>tet<\/jats:italic>(X4) contributing to the spread of tigecycline resistance genes poses a substantial threat to healthcare. Consequently, vigilant monitoring and proactive measures are necessary to prevent their spread.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2024.1444031","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,30]],"date-time":"2024-08-30T05:10:55Z","timestamp":1724994655000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["The ISVsa3-ORF2-abh-tet(X4) circular intermediate-mediated transmission of tigecycline resistance in Escherichia coli isolates from duck farms"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Chao","family":"Jiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gang","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ning","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhiliang","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yujuan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22083905","article-title":"Acquisition and spread of antimicrobial resistance: A tet(X) case study","volume":"22","author":"Aminov","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. 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