{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:11:30Z","timestamp":1787026290047,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,12]],"date-time":"2024-11-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1731369600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000923","name":"Australian Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000923","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This study employs bulk RNA sequencing, PCR, and ELISA assays to analyze the pathological factors affecting the outcomes of\n                      <jats:italic>C. pecorum<\/jats:italic>\n                      ocular infections in koalas. It investigates the immune responses and gene expression profiles associated with various stages of koala ocular chlamydiosis.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A cohort of 114 koalas from Queensland, Australia were assessed, with 47% displaying clinical signs of ocular disease. Animals were classified into three cohorts: acute active disease (G1), chronic active disease (G2), and chronic inactive disease (G3), along with subclinical\n                      <jats:italic>Chlamydia pecorum<\/jats:italic>\n                      positive (H2) and healthy (H1) cohorts.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Analysis of clinical, microbiological, humoral immune and cellular immune biomarkers revealed varying chlamydial loads and anti-chlamydial IgG levels across disease grades, with a negative correlation observed between ocular chlamydial load and anti-chlamydial IgG. Koala ocular mucosa gene expression analysis from 27 koalas identified shared expression pathways across disease cohorts, with a significant upregulation of IFN\u03b3 expression and tryptophan metabolism in all disease stages.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings help elucidate immune response dynamics and molecular pathways underlying koala ocular chlamydiosis, providing insights crucial for disease management strategies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2024.1447119","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,12]],"date-time":"2024-11-12T01:16:46Z","timestamp":1731374206000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Koala ocular disease grades are defined by chlamydial load changes and increases in Th2 immune responses"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Samuel","family":"Phillips","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danielle","family":"Madden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amber","family":"Gillett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bonnie L.","family":"Quigley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martina","family":"Jelocnik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sankhya","family":"Bommana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Denis","family":"O\u2019Meally","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Timms","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adam","family":"Polkinghorne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","unstructured":"FastQC: A Quality Control Tool for High Throughput Sequence Data\n          \n          \n            \n              Adrews\n              S.\n            \n          \n          \n          2010"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00605","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00605-21","article-title":"Tryptophan Operon Diversity Reveals Evolutionary Trends among Geographically Disparate Chlamydia trachomatis Ocular and Urogenital Strains Affecting Tryptophan Repressor and Synthase Function","volume":"12","author":"Bommana","year":"2021","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004008.pub3","article-title":"Interventions for trachoma trichiasis","volume":"11","author":"Burton","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Systematic Rev."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4215","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.03-0107","article-title":"Which members of a community need antibiotics to control trachoma? 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