{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,30]],"date-time":"2026-08-30T00:44:53Z","timestamp":1788050693665,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,3]],"date-time":"2024-10-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727913600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To evaluate the epidemiology characteristics of Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection in children from January 2018 to December 2023, in Nanjing, China.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We conducted a retrospective analysis of 21,210, 49,494 and 32,457 outpatients and inpatients aged 1 day to 17 years who were subjected to the three herpesviruses (HSV-2, EBV, and CMV) nucleic acid testing from January 2018 to December 2023, respectively. Demographic information, laboratory findings, etc. were collected and analyzed. HSV-2, EBV and CMV nucleic acid testing were performed by real-time PCR.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The total rate of detection of the three herpesviruses for all specimens was 0.32% (67\/21,210), 14.99% (7419\/49,494), and 8.88% (2881\/32,457), respectively. A declining trend in the incidence of viral infections over the years was observed for the three herpesviruses (all <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&amp;lt;0.05). The detection rate for HSV-2, EBV, and CMV was highest among patients aged 1-3 years, 3-7 years, and 28 days to 1 year, respectively (all <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&amp;lt;0.05). The presence of HSV-2 and CMV infection did not exhibit a discernible seasonal pattern, whereas EBV typically demonstrated an elevation during the summer and autumn.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>EBV and CMV were both prevalent among children in China, except for HSV-2. The annual prevalence of the three herpesviruses show decreasing trend from 2018 to 2023, and no difference in gender (except for EBV). EBV infections usually occur in the summer and autumn, whereas HSV-2 and CMV do not exhibit significant seasonality. The positivity rate of HSV-2 is highest in 1-3 years, EBV is highest in 3-7 years, and that of CMV is highest in 28 days to 1 year. Positive detection rates are higher in outpatients than in inpatients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2024.1448533","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,3]],"date-time":"2024-10-03T05:10:30Z","timestamp":1727932230000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Epidemiological characteristics of three herpesviruses infections in children in Nanjing, China, from 2018 to 2023"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Mingwei","family":"Wei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhibin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qi","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tong","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingjing","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(18)30244-8","article-title":"Frequency, symptoms, risk factors, and outcomes of autoimmune encephalitis after herpes simplex encephalitis: a prospective observational study and retrospective analysis","volume":"17","author":"Armangue","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Neurology."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofab218","article-title":"Analytic characterization of the herpes simplex virus type 2 epidemic in the United States, 1950-2050","volume":"8","author":"Ayoub","year":"2021","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B3","first-page":"86","article-title":"Seroepidemiological study of Epstein-Barr virus in different population groups in Croatia","volume":"20","author":"Beader","year":"2018","journal-title":"Isr. Med. Assoc. J."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2809","DOI":"10.19381\/j.issn.1001-7585.2019.17.071","article-title":"Analysis of TORCH screening results of 2917 women of childbearing age in Fuzhou, Fujian province","volume":"32","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Med. Theor. Prac."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.7499\/i.issn.1008-8830.2013.03.005","article-title":"Analysis of Epstein Barr virus infection in 761 hospitalized children","volume":"15","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Zhongguo Dang Dai Er Ke Za Zhi."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cnur.2020.05.004","article-title":"Herpes simplex virus: epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment","volume":"55","author":"Cole","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nurs. Clin. North Am."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0193171","article-title":"Anti-Epstein-Barr virus antibodies in Beijing during 2013-2017: What we have found in the different patients","volume":"13","author":"Cui","year":"2018","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.15544.2","article-title":"Increasing Epstein-Barr virus infection in Chinese children: A single institutional based retrospective study","volume":"7","author":"Devkota","year":"2018","journal-title":"F1000Res"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.3784\/j.issn.1003-9961.2020.08.015","article-title":"Surveillance for notifiable communicable diseases in the context of emergency response to COVID-19 in Zhejiang","volume":"35","author":"Ding","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dis. Surveillance."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1699","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa601","article-title":"The nature and clinical significance of atypical mononuclear cells in infectious mononucleosis caused by the Epstein-Barr virus in children","volume":"223","author":"Fedyanina","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1159\/000496828","article-title":"Epstein-Barr virus seroprevalence and primary infection at the university hospital Luigi Vanvitelli of Naples from 2007 to 2017","volume":"62","author":"Franci","year":"2019","journal-title":"Intervirology"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-020-03814-x","article-title":"Thirty years of CMV seroprevalence-a longitudinal analysis in a German university hospital","volume":"39","author":"Hoehl","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-019-3995-2","article-title":"Seroprevalence and associated factors of HSV-2 infection among general population in Shandong Province, China","volume":"19","author":"Huai","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tjog.2022.02.022","article-title":"Seroprevalence and risk factors for cytomegalovirus infection among pregnant women in southern Taiwan, 2014-2015","volume":"61","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Taiwan J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1824","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2021.1969290","article-title":"Maternal CMV seroprevalence rate in early gestation and congenital cytomegalovirus infection in a Chinese population","volume":"10","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Emerg. Microbes Infect."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.19.237149","article-title":"Herpes simplex virus: global infection prevalence and incidence estimates, 2016","volume":"98","author":"James","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bull. World Health Organ."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(19)30416-5","article-title":"Congenital viral infections in England over five decades: a population-based observational study","volume":"20","author":"Kadambari","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/s1040-8428(02)00119-1","article-title":"Cell type specific infection of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in EBV-associated hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis and chronic active EBV infection","volume":"44","author":"Kasahara","year":"2002","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Hematol."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-020-09049-x","article-title":"Epidemiology of Epstein-Barr virus infection and infectious mononucleosis in the United Kingdom","volume":"20","author":"Kuri","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1007\/s12250-017-4108-2","article-title":"Herpesviruses: epidemiology, pathogenesis, and interventions","volume":"32","author":"Lan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Virol. Sin."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e275","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa1900","article-title":"Breastfeeding duration and cytomegalovirus seroprevalence among US children aged 1-5 years: the national health and nutrition examination surveys, 2011-2012 and 2017-2018","volume":"73","author":"Lanzieri","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0000000000000923","article-title":"Incidence and characteristics of neonatal herpes: comparison of two population-based data sources, New York City, 2006-2015","volume":"46","author":"Lao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sex Transm. Dis."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-11-69","article-title":"Herpes simplex virus infections among rural residents in eastern China","volume":"11","author":"Lin","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1007\/s12250-017-4055-y","article-title":"Detection of congenital cytomegalovirus in newborns using nucleic acid amplification techniques and its public health implications","volume":"32","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Virol. Sin."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1111\/1751-2980.12640","article-title":"Hepatitis caused by herpes viruses: a review","volume":"19","author":"Noor","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Dig. Dis."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12979-017-0093-4","article-title":"Herpes virus seroepidemiology in the adult Swedish population","volume":"14","author":"Olsson","year":"2017","journal-title":". Immun. Ageing"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00105","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00105-19","article-title":"Immunomodulatory strategies in herpes simplex virus encephalitis","volume":"33","author":"Piret","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1080\/20477724.2019.1678938","article-title":"Seroprevalence of herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 in Nigeria: a systematic review and meta-analyses","volume":"113","author":"Reward","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pathog. Glob. Health"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6393","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.26815","article-title":"Epidemiology of cytomegalovirus Infection among mothers and infants in Colombia","volume":"93","author":"Rico","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0000000000000702","article-title":"Heterogeneity of herpes simplex virus type 2 seroprevalence from a national probability survey in Mexico, 2012","volume":"45","author":"Sanchez-Aleman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sex Transm. Dis."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nmni.2019.100641","article-title":"Seroprevalence of Epstein-Barr virus among children and adults in Tehran, Iran","volume":"34","author":"Sharifipour","year":"2020","journal-title":"New Microbes New Infect."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5048","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.26941","article-title":"Characteristics of primary Epstein-Barr virus infection disease spectrum and its reactivation in children, in Suzhou, China","volume":"93","author":"Shi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jped.2021.05.006","article-title":"Prevalence of Epstein-Barr Viral DNA among children at a single hospital in Suzhou, China","volume":"98","author":"Shi","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. (Rio J)"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.25633","article-title":"Epidemiologic features of children with Epstein-Barr virus associated diseases in Hangzhou, China","volume":"92","author":"Shi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1007\/s11596-020-2160-x","article-title":"Epstein-Barr virus EA-IgA, VCA-IgA, and EBVNA-IgG antibodies in a population of Wuhan, China","volume":"40","author":"Tang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Sci."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-020-05572-9","article-title":"Factors associated with cytomegalovirus serostatus in young people in England: a cross-sectional study","volume":"20","author":"Winter","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanwpc.2021.100282","article-title":"Co-benefits of nonpharmaceutical intervention against COVID-19 on infectious diseases in China: A large population-based observational study","volume":"17","author":"Xiao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Reg. Health West Pac."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-016-3518-7","article-title":"Measuring and assessing HIV\/AIDS stigma and discrimination among migrant workers in Zhejiang, China","volume":"16","author":"Xing","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1139068","article-title":"Epidemiology and clinical characteristics of Epstein-Barr virus infection among children in Shanghai, China, 2017-2022","volume":"13","author":"Ye","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2229","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1009-6469.2017.12.025","article-title":"A correlation analysis on TORCH screening results of 62141 women at childbearing age in Wuxi","volume":"21","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anhui Med. Pharm. J."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-14-58","article-title":"Kaposi`s sarcoma associated herpesvirus infection among female sex workers and general population women in Shanghai, China: a cross-sectional study","volume":"14","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2021.631411","article-title":"Seroprevalence of cytomegalovirus and associated factors among preconception women: A cross-sectional nationwide study in China","volume":"9","author":"Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Public Health"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.2034","article-title":"Estimation of the worldwide seroprevalence of cytomegalovirus: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"29","author":"Zuhair","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rev. Med. Virol."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcimb.2024.1448533\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,3]],"date-time":"2024-10-03T05:10:35Z","timestamp":1727932235000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcimb.2024.1448533\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,3]]},"references-count":43,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fcimb.2024.1448533"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcimb.2024.1448533","relation":{},"ISSN":["2235-2988"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2235-2988","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,3]]},"article-number":"1448533"}}