{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T15:48:33Z","timestamp":1753890513607,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,6]],"date-time":"2025-01-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736121600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Ammonia (NH<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>) and hydrogen sulfide (H<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>S) are produced during digestion in the human gut, yet the impact of these internally generated gases on male reproduction have received limited attention in scientific research.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We systematically reviewed 935 scientific publications, spanning from 1947 to 2023, focusing on external or internal NH<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> and\/or H<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>S, male infertility, and gut microbiota. Meta-analysis was conducted to evaluate the summary relative risk (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of combined studies.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our findings revealed that the internal NH<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> and\/or H<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>S were negatively related to the <jats:italic>Lactobacillus<\/jats:italic>, which is beneficial to male fertility, whereas NH<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> and H<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>S were positively related to <jats:italic>Bacteroides<\/jats:italic>, which showed negative effects on male fertility. The meta-analysis comparing <jats:italic>Lactobacillus<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Bacteroides<\/jats:italic> levels with NH<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> showed statistically significant results (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>&amp;lt;0.001).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The meta-analysis is the first to confirm these facts and explored the potential existence of a gut microbiota-inner gases-male fertility axis in the human gut.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2024.1449453","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,6]],"date-time":"2025-01-06T07:03:50Z","timestamp":1736147030000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Ammonia and hydrogen sulfide - new insights into gut microbiota and male infertility through meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Yanan","family":"Hao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chang","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yong","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yonglin","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-018-2943-4","article-title":"An insight into gut microbiota and its functionalities","volume":"76","author":"Adak","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Mol. 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