{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T17:01:08Z","timestamp":1792602068554,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,23]],"date-time":"2024-08-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724371200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cutaneous tuberculosis (CTB) and nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) infections present considerable diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. This study aims to provide a comprehensive clinicopathological analysis of CTB and NTM infections.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We conducted a retrospective analysis of 103 patients diagnosed with cutaneous tuberculosis (CTB) and nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) infections at a Beijing dermatology department from January 2000 to January 2024. Demographic, clinical, histological, and laboratory finding data were collected. Diagnostic methods and histopathological examination were recorded. Treatment regimens and outcomes were reviewed. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize demographic and clinical data, and continuous variables expressed as means and standard deviations (SD), and categorical variables as frequencies and percentages. Statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS version 25.0.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The cohort included 103 patients (40.8% males and 59.2% females), with a mean age of 51.86 years. Common clinical manifestations included nodules (97.1%), erythema (74.8%), and plaques (68.9%). Histological examination revealed hyperkeratosis (68.9%), parakeratosis (23.3%), and extensive neutrophil infiltration (95.1%) were observed. Acid fast bacteria (AFB) stains and nucleic acid tests exhibited respective positivity rates of 39.6% and 52.3%, respectively. Most patients were treated with a combination of three drugs; 77.1% of patients showed improvement, with the cure rate for CTB being 20.0%.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study highlights the diverse clinical and histological presentations of CTB and NTM infections, emphasizing the need for comprehensive diagnostic approaches. The variability in treatment regimens reflects the complex management of these infections.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The implementation of advanced molecular techniques and standardized treatment protocols is imperative for enhancing diagnostic precision and therapeutic outcomes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2024.1451602","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,23]],"date-time":"2024-08-23T06:01:41Z","timestamp":1724392901000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Investigating cutaneous tuberculosis and nontuberculous mycobacterial infections in a Department of Dermatology, Beijing, China: a comprehensive clinicopathological analysis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Xin-Yu","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qian-Nan","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"He-Yi","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1111\/1346-8138.13662","article-title":"What is new in the histogenesis of granulomatous skin diseases","volume":"44","author":"Asai","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Dermatol."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007083","article-title":"The complexities and challenges of preventing and treating nontuberculous mycobacterial diseases","volume":"13","author":"Baldwin","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. D"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.674241","article-title":"Autophagy as a target for drug development of skin infection caused by mycobacteria","volume":"12","author":"Bittencourt","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-018-0349-6","article-title":"Analytical and clinical validation of a microbial cell-free DNA sequencing test for infectious disease","volume":"4","author":"Blauwkamp","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1186\/s12929-024-01007-8","article-title":"Promising antibacterial efficacy of arenicin peptides against the emerging opportunistic pathogen Mycobacterium abscessus","volume":"31","author":"Casanova","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. BioMed. Sci."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1007\/s40257-018-0382-5","article-title":"Cutaneous infections due to nontuberculosis mycobacterium: Recognition and management","volume":"19","author":"Chung","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Dermatol."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ofae128","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofae128","article-title":"Pharmacotherapeutic considerations in the treatment of nontuberculous mycobacterial infections: A primer for clinicians","volume":"11","author":"Cimino","year":"2024","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect. Di"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.623119","article-title":"The new frontier of host-directed therapies for mycobacterium avium complex","volume":"11","author":"Crilly","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-019-03740-7","article-title":"Drug susceptibility patterns of rapidly growing mycobacteria isolated from skin and soft tissue infections in Venezuela","volume":"39","author":"Da","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1038\/s41573-024-00897-5","article-title":"Therapeutic developments for tuberculosis and nontuberculous mycobacterial lung disease","volume":"23","author":"Dartois","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discovery"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00069-18","article-title":"Cutaneous mycobacterial infections","volume":"32","author":"Franco-Paredes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1111\/1346-8138.16531","article-title":"Cutaneous nontuberculous mycobacterial infections in Japan: Review of the Japanese literature","volume":"49","author":"Fujishima","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Dermatol."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0000000000000820","article-title":"Mycobacterial skin infection","volume":"35","author":"Gardini","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1016\/j.det.2015.03.017","article-title":"Nontuberculous mycobacteria: Skin and soft tissue infections","volume":"33","author":"Gonzalez-Santiago","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dermatol. Clin."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1627","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2310.170845","article-title":"Surveillance of extrapulmonary nontuberculous mycobacteria infections, Oregon, USA, 2007-2012","volume":"23","author":"Henkle","year":"2017","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa035","article-title":"Clinical impact of metagenomic next-generation sequencing of plasma cell-free DNA for the diagnosis of infectious diseases: A multicenter retrospective cohort study","volume":"72","author":"Hogan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-020-0331-1","article-title":"Non-tuberculous mycobacteria and the rise of Mycobacterium abscessus","volume":"18","author":"Johansen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1052","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02639-13","article-title":"Evaluation of two line probe assays for rapid detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, tuberculosis (TB) drug resistance, and non-TB Mycobacteria in HIV-infected individuals with suspected TB","volume":"52","author":"Luetkemeyer","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.DMIH2-0014-2015","article-title":"Skin and soft tissue infections","volume":"4","author":"Moffarah","year":"2016","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2021.666187","article-title":"Editorial: tuberculosis and non-tuberculous mycobacteria infections: Control, diagnosis and treatment","volume":"9","author":"Opota","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Public Health"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2019.04.022","article-title":"Cutaneous nontuberculous mycobacteria infections: A retrospective case series of 78 patients from the Texas Gulf Coast region","volume":"81","author":"Philips","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.02546-21","article-title":"Combined host- and pathogen-directed therapy for the control of mycobacterium abscessus infection","volume":"10","author":"Poerio","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2703.201087","article-title":"Extrapulmonary nontuberculous mycobacteria infections in hospitalized patients, United States, 2009-2014","volume":"27","author":"Ricotta","year":"2021","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0000000000000905","article-title":"Skin and soft tissue infections due to rapidly growing mycobacteria","volume":"36","author":"Sepulcri","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiz285","article-title":"Nontuberculous mycobacteria and heterologous immunity to tuberculosis","volume":"220","author":"Shah","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-144-9-200605020-00012","article-title":"Informed consent for research and authorization under the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act Privacy Rule: an integrated approach","volume":"144","author":"Shalowitz","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.06.076","article-title":"Comparison of diagnostic accuracy of the GeneXpert Ultra and cell-free nucleic acid assay for tuberculous meningitis: A multicentre prospective study","volume":"98","author":"Shao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.2147\/CCID.S445175","article-title":"Cutaneous mycobacterium abscessus infection following plastic surgery: Three case reports","volume":"17","author":"Shen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin. Cosmet Inv Derm"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ofae152","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofae152","article-title":"Two decades of insights into nontuberculous mycobacterial hand infections","volume":"11","author":"Tabaja","year":"2024","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect. Di"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1007\/s12016-017-8666-8","article-title":"Cutaneous granulomatosis: a comprehensive review","volume":"54","author":"Terziroli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Rev. Allerg Immu"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11071799","article-title":"Mycobacterium marinum: A case-based narrative review of diagnosis and management","volume":"11","author":"Tsiolakkis","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103645","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2023.103645","article-title":"Photodynamic therapy: a new approach to the treatment of Nontuberculous Mycobacterial skin and soft tissue infections","volume":"43","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Photodiagn Photodyn."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2023.1242156","article-title":"Treatment of non-tuberculosis mycobacteria skin infections","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2024.1532147","type":"corrigendum","label":"Corrigendum","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,5]],"date-time":"2024-12-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733356800000}}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcimb.2024.1451602\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,5]],"date-time":"2024-12-05T06:38:37Z","timestamp":1733380717000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcimb.2024.1451602\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,23]]},"references-count":33,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fcimb.2024.1451602"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcimb.2024.1451602","relation":{"corrigendum":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3389\/fcimb.2024.1532147","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2235-2988"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2235-2988","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,23]]},"article-number":"1451602"}}