{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]],"date-time":"2026-11-06T22:17:36Z","timestamp":1794003456880,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,30]],"date-time":"2024-10-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730246400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Human brucellosis is a severe public concern in Shaanxi Province, China, and investigating the epidemiological relationship and transmission pattern of <jats:italic>B. melitensis<\/jats:italic> is necessary to devise control strategies.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>In this study, a conventional bio-typing approach and whole genome sequencing of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were employed to identify 189 strains.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Based on the conventional bio-typing, 189 <jats:italic>Brucella<\/jats:italic> strains were identified as <jats:italic>B. melitensis<\/jats:italic>, of which 14 were in bv. 1, 145 were in bv. 3, and 30 were variant, and the <jats:italic>Brucella<\/jats:italic> strains were distributed in all ten cities in Shaanxi Province. SNP analysis was used to identify genetic variation in 189 <jats:italic>B. melitensis<\/jats:italic> genomes, and maximum-likelihood was used to generate a phylogeny that identified two clades (A and B) and 19 sequence types (STs). The two clades were highly diverse and exclusively of Eastern Mediterranean origin. Clade B contained 18 STs (2-19), with most isolates originating from a broad swath, implying that multiple <jats:italic>B. melitensis<\/jats:italic> lineages circulated in Shaanxi. The 19 STs were composed of 3 to 46 strains isolated from different counties and years, suggesting that multiple cross-county brucellosis outbreak events are driven by multiple <jats:italic>B. melitensis<\/jats:italic> lineages. Global phylogenetic analysis revealed that clade A was close to GTIIb, and clade B was placed in the GTIIh lineage, expanding the known diversity of <jats:italic>B. melitensis<\/jats:italic> from China.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The human brucellosis epidemic in Shaanxi is driven by multiple indigenous circulating <jats:italic>B. melitensis<\/jats:italic> lineages, the knowledge of which will contribute to devising a control strategy and providing the foundation for a comprehensive regional phylogeny of this important zoonotic pathogen.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2024.1452143","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,30]],"date-time":"2024-10-30T13:09:57Z","timestamp":1730293797000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Multiple Brucella melitensis lineages are driving the human brucellosis epidemic in Shaanxi Province, China: evidence from whole genome sequencing-based analysis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Cuihong","family":"An","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shoumin","family":"Nie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Boyan","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dijia","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenjing","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yangxin","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suoping","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dongli","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhenjun","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhiguo","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenhui","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2902.220725","article-title":"Novel species of brucella causing human brucellosis, French Guiana","volume":"29","author":"About","year":"2023","journal-title":"Emerg. 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