{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:11:27Z","timestamp":1787026287662,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,13]],"date-time":"2024-11-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1731456000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Avian pathogenic\n                      <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      (APEC) is a critical bacterial pathogen that causes severe infections in poultry. Diverse serotypes increase the complexity of treatment and controlling APEC infections. Recent epidemiological investigations indicate O145 is emerging as a predominant serogroup of APEC in China. However, limited information is known about this newly emerged serogroup.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A virulent strain, NC22, was selected to elucidate the mechanisms underlying APEC O145-related pathogenicity and host adaptation. Whole-genome sequencing and pathogenicity assays was conducted on this strain. We further performed a transcriptional analysis of the bacteria during the early colonization stage in the duck liver and compared them with those in liquid cultures\n                      <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Subcutaneous inoculation of NC22 induced typical symptoms in ducks. The bacterial loads in the blood and various tissues peaked at 2 and 3 days post infection, respectively. The affected tissues included the heart, liver, spleen, lung, kidney, bursa of Fabricius, duodenum, jejunum, and cecum. We then analyzed the transcriptome profiles of NC22 during growth in duck liver versus lysogeny broth and identified 87 genes with differential expression levels.These included key metabolic enzymes and recognized host adaptation factors. Analysis of the metabolic pathways revealed an inhibition of the metabolic shift from glycolysis towards pentose phosphate pathway and an interference of the citrate cycle. Moreover, significantly differentially expressed small regulatory RNAs were examined, such as SroC, CsrC, and GadY.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings enhance our understanding of the pathogenicity of APEC O145 and the molecular mechanisms underlying APEC-related pathogen\u2212host interactions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2024.1453907","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,13]],"date-time":"2024-11-13T06:32:39Z","timestamp":1731479559000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Pathogenicity and identification of host adaptation genes of the avian pathogenic Escherichia coli O145 in duck"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Mei-Fang","family":"Tan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jia","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shao-Pei","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhao-Feng","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hai-Qin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fan-Fan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheng-Cheng","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Na","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan-Bin","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cui","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiang-Nan","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.01996","article-title":"Polyamine synthesis effects capsule expression by reduction of precursors in Streptococcus pneumoniae","volume":"10","author":"Ayoola","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1007\/s10142-019-00692-1","article-title":"Transcriptome-wide identification and characterization of microRNAs responsive to phosphate starvation in Populus tomentosa","volume":"19","author":"Bao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Funct. Integr. Genomics"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2010.05.004","article-title":"Pathogenomic comparison of human extraintestinal and avian pathogenic Escherichia coli\u2013search for factors involved in host specificity or zoonotic potential","volume":"49","author":"Bauchart","year":"2010","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.232686799","article-title":"Identification of pathogen-specific and conserved genes expressed in vivo by an avian pathogenic Escherichia coli strain","volume":"100","author":"Dozois","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1474-9726.2010.00618.x","article-title":"Genome-wide screen identifies Escherichia coli TCA-cycle-related mutants with extended chronological lifespan dependent on acetate metabolism and the hypoxia-inducible transcription factor ArcA","volume":"9","author":"Gonidakis","year":"2010","journal-title":"Aging Cell"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1128\/ecosalplus.ESP-0030-2019","article-title":"Trans-Acting Small RNAs and Their Effects on Gene Expression in Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica","volume":"9","author":"Hor","year":"2020","journal-title":"EcoSal Plus"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0041031","article-title":"Infections with avian pathogenic and fecal Escherichia coli strains display similar lung histopathology and macrophage apoptosis","volume":"7","author":"Horn","year":"2012","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.1049391","article-title":"Characteristics, pathogenic mechanism, zoonotic potential, drug resistance, and prevention of avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC)","volume":"13","author":"Hu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens12111280","article-title":"Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) in broiler breeders: an overview","volume":"12","author":"Joseph","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10040467","article-title":"Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC): an overview of virulence and pathogenesis factors, zoonotic potential, and control strategies","volume":"10","author":"Kathayat","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5693","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00217-06","article-title":"Growth phase-dependent expression of drug exporters in Escherichia coli and its contribution to drug tolerance","volume":"188","author":"Kobayashi","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-015-0346-3","article-title":"A new suite of tnaA mutants suggests that Escherichia coli tryptophanase is regulated by intracellular sequestration and by occlusion of its active site","volume":"15","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1951","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01230-10","article-title":"Transcriptome analysis of avian pathogenic Escherichia coli O1 in chicken serum reveals adaptive responses to systemic infection","volume":"79","author":"Li","year":"2011","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.00637","article-title":"Expression of immune-related genes of ducks infected with avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC)","volume":"7","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2035","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.1491","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance of Escherichia coli isolated from retail foods in northern Xinjiang, China","volume":"8","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1006\/meth.2001.1262","article-title":"Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2(-Delta Delta C(T)) Method","volume":"25","author":"Livak","year":"2001","journal-title":"Methods"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1478","DOI":"10.15252\/embj.201490546","article-title":"Cross talk between ABC transporter mRNAs via a target mRNA-derived sponge of the GcvB small RNA","volume":"34","author":"Miyakoshi","year":"2015","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10101322","article-title":"The effect of impaired polyamine transport on pneumococcal transcriptome","volume":"10","author":"Nakamya","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2010.12.009","article-title":"RNase III participates in GadY-dependent cleavage of the gadX-gadW mRNA","volume":"406","author":"Opdyke","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jambio\/lxad014","article-title":"A compilation of virulence-associated genes that are frequently reported in avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) compared to other E. coli","volume":"134","author":"Ovi","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e01034","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01034-19","article-title":"Regulation of iron storage by csrA supports exponential growth of escherichia coli","volume":"10","author":"Pourciau","year":"2019","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10988","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkab863","article-title":"A pathogen-specific sRNA influences enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli fitness and virulence in part by direct interaction with the transcript encoding the ethanolamine utilization regulatory factor EutR","volume":"49","author":"Sauder","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2068","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btu153","article-title":"Prokka: rapid prokaryotic genome annotation","volume":"30","author":"Seemann","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2023.102830","article-title":"Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance profile of bacterial pathogens isolated from poultry in Jiangxi Province, China from 2020 to 2022","volume":"102","author":"Tan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Poult Sci."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.938286","article-title":"Exogenous glycogen utilization effects the transcriptome and pathogenicity of Streptococcus suis serotype 2","volume":"12","author":"Tan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Cell Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1006246","article-title":"Type VI secretion system contributes to Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli virulence by secreting catalase against host reactive oxygen species (ROS)","volume":"13","author":"Wan","year":"2017","journal-title":"PloS Pathog."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.01061-22","article-title":"Identification of Subunits for Novel Universal Vaccines against Three Predominant Serogroups and the Emerging O145 among Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli by Pan-RV Pipeline","volume":"89","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2022.109358","article-title":"O145 may be emerging as a predominant serogroup of Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) in China","volume":"266","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00666","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00666-19","article-title":"Identification of Host Adaptation Genes in Extraintestinal Pathogenic Escherichia coli during Infection in Different Hosts","volume":"87","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2017.00066","article-title":"The eukaryote-like serine\/threonine kinase STK regulates the growth and metabolism of zoonotic Streptococcus suis","volume":"7","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Cell Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep27169","article-title":"The roles of RelA\/(p)ppGpp in glucose-starvation induced adaptive response in the zoonotic Streptococcus suis","volume":"6","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcimb.2024.1453907\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,13]],"date-time":"2024-11-13T06:32:41Z","timestamp":1731479561000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcimb.2024.1453907\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,13]]},"references-count":31,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fcimb.2024.1453907"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcimb.2024.1453907","relation":{},"ISSN":["2235-2988"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2235-2988","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,13]]},"article-number":"1453907"}}